G. Collantes-Celador

The Peace in Between: Post-War Violence and Peacebuilding

1. The Peace in Between Astri Suhrke Echoes from History 2. Violence and the Post-Conflict State in Historical Perspective: Spain 1936-1948 Michael Richards 3. Reconstruction and Violence Post-Bellum American South 1865-77 Michael Beaton Europe and the Middle East 4. Post-War Violence in Bosnia Mats Berdal, Gemma Collantes-Celador and Merima Zupcevic Buzadzic 5. Revenge and Reprisal in Kosovo Michael J. Boyle 6. Political Violence in Post-Civil War Lebanon Are Knudsen and Nasser Yassin 7. From Regime Change to Civil War: Violence in post-invasion Iraq Toby Dodge Asia 8. Armed Politics in Afghanistan Antonio Giustozzi 9. Warlordism: Three Biographies from Southeastern Afghanistan Kristian Berg Harpviken 10. Violence in Post-War Cambodia Sorpong Peu 11. Conflict and Violence in Post-Independence in East Timor Dionisio Babo-Soares Africa 12. Sexual Violence: The Case of Eastern Congo Ingrid Samset 13. The Political Economies of Violence in Post-war Liberia Torunn Wimpelmann Chaudhary 14. Violence, Denial and Fear in Post-Genocide Rwanda Trine Eide Latin America 15. The Multiple Forms of Violence in Post-War Guatemala John-Andrew McNeish and Oscar Lopez Rivera Conclusions 16. Reflections on Post-War Violence and Peacebuilding Mats Berdal

The Internal-External Security Nexus and EU Police/Rule of Law Missions in the Western Balkans

Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) police/rule of law missions in the Western Balkans are increasingly guided by externally imposed normative agendas that respond primarily to EU internal security needs rather than functional imperatives or local realities. In line with these needs, EU police reform efforts tend to prioritise effectiveness and crime fighting over longer- term democratic policing and good governance reforms. In practice this means that police reform initiatives are technocratically oriented, yet value ridden fitting EU security concerns and needs. As a result, the police reform process can be—and often is—disconnected from the political and socio-economic reforms necessary for long-term stability and sustainable peace. Police assistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been shaped by a determined albeit questionable focus on organised crime and corruption. The focus of EU police reform in Macedonia on primarily crime-fighting aspects of policing has compromised thefunctioning of the Macedonian police. Similarly, the politics of (non-)recognition of Kosovos self-proclaimed independence and the intrusiveness of EULEX Kosovos executive mandate contravene meeting local challenges.

The EU and border management in the Western Balkans: preparing for European integration or safeguarding EU external borders?

This article evaluates the European Union (EU)’s border strategy for the Western Balkans. It identifies an increasing tension between, on the one hand, the Union’s use of its border strategy to foster the long-term stabilization of the countries of the Western Balkans and their future integration into the EU and, on the other hand, the use of border management as an instrument to ensure its own internal security. This tension can be broken down into a threefold contradiction inbuilt into the EU’s strategy: short-term vs. long-term objectives; a security vs. development focus and interventionism vs. local ownership approaches. These contradictions, aggravated by local and regional political, economic and security challenges, can explain existing shortcomings in the EU’s border interventions in the Western Balkans.

The Defence of an Institution Under Challenge: The EU and the International Criminal Court

This chapter analyses EU deployment of strategies of ‘entrenchment’ and ‘accommodation’ to react to challenges that could have negatively affected—or that might in the future negatively affect—the attainment of universal ratification of the Rome Statute, the International Criminal Court’s institutional development and its day-to-day effectiveness. Two episodes are discussed: First, US policy before and after the signing of the Rome Statute (a power-based challenge) and resultant limitations on the Court’s independence and jurisdiction following the misalignment of power with institution and ideas; and, second, the resentment increasingly voiced by the African Union on behalf of certain African states over the Court’s caseload (ideational-based challenge) and the impact this resentment could have on the normative congruence between the Court and prevailing ideas in the international structure.

Civil Society and the Bosnian Police Certification Process: Challenging ‘the Guardians’

This chapter focuses on a very particular aspect of the democratic reform of police forces that took place in Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of the post-conflict reconstruction efforts.1 It provides an account of the ‘certification process’ - or vetting - of all police officers, carried out by the UN Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina (UNMIBH) and the International Police Task Force (IPTF). This process, which officially was completed at the end of 2002 when the United Nations (UN) mission left the country, was kept alive - at least in part - by the activities of two groups (Association of Decertified Policemen of the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Republika Srpska Association of Decertified Policemen), which contested the outcome of the process on the basis that it suffered from operational and, more importantly, structural shortcomings. In other words, they considered that the process had been undemocratic and its outcomes were having adverse repercussions for the rights of decertified police officers. The two associations engaged in a legal battle, and a political fight, for the policy and related legislation to be changed. Their efforts failed to yield the desired response from national actors due to the powers enjoyed by the UN during its mission in Bosnia. However, the matter was referred to the UN Security Council, which ultimately was forced to overrule its policy of UN decisions being final and binding, and reach a negotiated solution.