G. De Zotti

The Herschel ATLAS

The Herschel ATLAS is the largest open-time key project that will be carried out on the Herschel Space Observatory. It will survey 570 deg2 of the extragalactic sky, 4 times larger than all the other Herschel extragalactic surveys combined, in five far-infrared and submillimeter bands. We describe the survey, the complementary multiwavelength data sets that will be combined with the Herschel data, and the six major science programs we are undertaking. Using new models based on a previous submillimeter survey of galaxies, we present predictions of the properties of the ATLAS sources in other wave bands.

New Relationships between Galaxy Properties and Host Halo Mass, and the Role of Feedbacks in Galaxy Formation

We present new relationships between halo masses (Mh) and several galaxy properties, including r*-band luminosities (Lr), stellar (Mstar) and baryonic masses, stellar velocity dispersions (?), and black hole masses (MBH). Approximate analytic expressions are given. In the galaxy halo mass range 3 ? 1010 M? ? Mh ? 3 ? 1013 M? the Mh-Lr, Mstar-Mh, and MBH-Mh relations are well represented by a double power law, with a break at Mh,break ? 3 ? 1011 M?, corresponding to a mass in stars Mstar ~ 1.2 ? 1010 M?, to an r*-band luminosity Lr ~ 5 ? 109 L?, to a stellar velocity dispersion ? 88 km s-1, and to a black hole mass MBH ~ 9 ? 106 M?. The ?-Mh relation can be approximated by a single power law, although a double power law is a better representation. Although there are significant systematic errors associated with our method, the derived relationships are in good agreement with the available observational data and have comparable uncertainties. We interpret these relations in terms of the effect of feedback from supernovae and from the active nucleus on the interstellar medium. We argue that the break of the power laws occurs at a mass that marks the transition between the dominance of the stellar and the AGN feedback.

Herschel ⋆ -ATLAS: Rapid evolution of dust in galaxies over the last 5 billion years

We present the first direct and unbiased measurement of the evolution of the dust mass function of galaxies over the past 5 billion years of cosmic history using data from the Science Demonstration Phase of the Herschel-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (Herschel-ATLAS). The sample consists of galaxies selected at 250 m which have reliable counterparts from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) at z < 0.5, and contains 1867 sources. Dust masses are calculated using both a single-temperature grey-body model for the spectral energy distribution and also a model with multiple temperature components. The dust temperature for either model shows no trend with redshift. Splitting the sample into bins of redshift reveals a strong evolution in the dust properties of the most massive galaxies. At z= 0.4–0.5, massive galaxies had dust masses about five times larger than in the local Universe. At the same time, the dust-to-stellar mass ratio was about three to four times larger, and the optical depth derived from fitting the UV-sub-mm data with an energy balance model was also higher. This increase in the dust content of massive galaxies at high redshift is difficult to explain using standard dust evolution models and requires a rapid gas consumption time-scale together with either a more top-heavy initial mass function (IMF), efficient mantle growth, less dust destruction or combinations of all three. This evolution in dust mass is likely to be associated with a change in overall interstellar medium mass, and points to an enhanced supply of fuel for star formation at earlier cosmic epochs.

GAS AND DUST IN A SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY AT z = 4.24 FROM THE HERSCHEL ATLAS

We report ground-based follow-up observations of the exceptional source, ID 141, one of the brightest sources detected so far in the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey cosmological survey. ID 141 was observed using the IRAM 30 m telescope and Plateau de Bure interferometer (PdBI), the Submillimeter Array, and the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment submillimeter telescope to measure the dust continuum and emission lines of the main isotope of carbon monoxide and carbon ([C I] and [C II]). The detection of strong CO emission lines with the PdBI confirms that ID 141 is at high redshift (z = 4.243 ± 0.001). The strength of the continuum and emission lines suggests that ID 141 is gravitationally lensed. The width (ΔV FWHM ~ 800 km s–1) and asymmetric profiles of the CO and carbon lines indicate orbital motion in a disk or a merger. The properties derived for ID 141 are compatible with an ultraluminous (L FIR ~ (8.5 ± 0.3) × 1013 μ–1 L L ☉, where μL is the amplification factor), dense (n ≈ 104 cm–3), and warm (T kin ≈ 40 K) starburst galaxy, with an estimated star formation rate of (0.7-1.7) × 104 μ–1 L M ☉ yr–1. The carbon emission lines indicate a dense (n ≈ 104 cm–3) photon-dominated region, illuminated by a far-UV radiation field a few thousand times more intense than that in our Galaxy. In conclusion, the physical properties of the high-z galaxy ID 141 are remarkably similar to those of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies.

Herschel-atlas galaxy counts and high-redshift luminosity functions : The formation of massive early-type galaxies

Exploiting the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey Science Demonstration Phase survey data, we have determined the luminosity functions (LFs) at rest-frame wavelengths of 100 and 250 μm and at several redshifts z gsim 1, for bright submillimeter galaxies with star formation rates (SFRs) gsim 100 M ☉ yr–1. We find that the evolution of the comoving LF is strong up to z ≈ 2.5, and slows down at higher redshifts. From the LFs and the information on halo masses inferred from clustering analysis, we derived an average relation between SFR and halo mass (and its scatter). We also infer that the timescale of the main episode of dust-enshrouded star formation in massive halos (M H gsim 3 × 1012 M ☉) amounts to ~7 × 108 yr. Given the SFRs, which are in the range of 102-103 M ☉ yr–1, this timescale implies final stellar masses of the order of 1011-1012 M ☉. The corresponding stellar mass function matches the observed mass function of passively evolving galaxies at z gsim 1. The comparison of the statistics for submillimeter and UV-selected galaxies suggests that the dust-free, UV bright phase is gsim 102 times shorter than the submillimeter bright phase, implying that the dust must form soon after the onset of star formation. Using a single reference spectral energy distribution (SED; the one of the z ≈ 2.3 galaxy SMM J2135-0102), our simple physical model is able to reproduce not only the LFs at different redshifts >1 but also the counts at wavelengths ranging from 250 μm to ≈1 mm. Owing to the steepness of the counts and their relatively broad frequency range, this result suggests that the dispersion of submillimeter SEDs of z > 1 galaxies around the reference one is rather small.

Gravitational Lens Models Based on Submillimeter Array Imaging of Herschel-selected Strongly Lensed Sub-millimeter Galaxies at z > 1.5

Strong gravitational lenses are now being routinely discovered in wide-field surveys at (sub-)millimeter wavelengths. We present Submillimeter Array (SMA) high-spatial resolution imaging and Gemini-South and Multiple Mirror Telescope optical spectroscopy of strong lens candidates discovered in the two widest extragalactic surveys conducted by the Herschel Space Observatory: the Herschel-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) and the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES). From a sample of 30 Herschel sources with S 500 > 100 mJy, 21 are strongly lensed (i.e., multiply imaged), 4 are moderately lensed (i.e., singly imaged), and the remainder require additional data to determine their lensing status. We apply a visibility-plane lens modeling technique to the SMA data to recover information about the masses of the lenses as well as the intrinsic (i.e., unlensed) sizes (r half) and far-infrared luminosities (L FIR) of the lensed submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). The sample of lenses comprises primarily isolated massive galaxies, but includes some groups and clusters as well. Several of the lenses are located at z lens > 0.7, a redshift regime that is inaccessible to lens searches based on Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopy. The lensed SMGs are amplified by factors that are significantly below statistical model predictions given the 500 μm flux densities of our sample. We speculate that this may reflect a deficiency in our understanding of the intrinsic sizes and luminosities of the brightest SMGs. The lensed SMGs span nearly one decade in L FIR (median L FIR = 7.9 × 1012 L ☉) and two decades in FIR luminosity surface density (median ΣFIR = 6.0 × 1011 L ☉ kpc–2). The strong lenses in this sample and others identified via (sub-)mm surveys will provide a wealth of information regarding the astrophysics of galaxy formation and evolution over a wide range in redshift.

Herschel-ATLAS: first data release of the Science Demonstration Phase source catalogues

The Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (Herschel-ATLAS) is a survey of 550 deg2 with the Herschel Space Observatory in five far-infrared and submillimetre bands. The first data for the survey, observations of a field 4 × 4 deg2 in size, were taken during the Science Demonstration Phase (SDP), and reach a 5σ noise level of 33.5 mJy beam−1 at 250 μm. This paper describes the source extraction methods used to create the corresponding SDP catalogue, which contains 6876 sources, selected at 250 μm, within ∼14 deg2. Spectral and Photometric Imaging REciever (SPIRE) sources are extracted using a new method specifically developed for Herschel data and Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) counterparts of these sources are identified using circular apertures placed at the SPIRE positions. Aperture flux densities are measured for sources identified as extended after matching to optical wavelengths. The reliability of this catalogue is also discussed, using full simulated maps at the three SPIRE bands. These show that a significant number of sources at 350 and 500 μm have undergone flux density enhancements of up to a factor of ∼2, due mainly to source confusion. Correction factors are determined for these effects. The SDP data set and corresponding catalogue will be available from http://www.h-atlas.org.

Herschel-ATLAS: Dust Temperature and Redshift Distribution of SPIRE and PACS Detected Sources Using Submillimetre Colours

We present colour-colour diagrams of detected sources in the Herschel-ATLAS science demonstration field from 100 to 500 mu m using both PACS and SPIRE. We fit isothermal modified black bodies to the spectral energy distribution (SED) to extract the dust temperature of sources with counterparts in Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) or SDSS surveys with either a spectroscopic or a photometric redshift. For a subsample of 330 sources detected in at least three FIR bands with a significance greater than 3 sigma, we find an average dust temperature of (28 +/- 8) K. For sources with no known redshift, we populate the colour-colour diagram with a large number of SEDs generated with a broad range of dust temperatures and emissivity parameters, and compare to colours of observed sources to establish the redshift distribution of this sample. For another subsample of 1686 sources with fluxes above 35 mJy at 350 mu m and detected at 250 and 500 mu m with a significance greater than 3s, we find an average redshift of 2.2 +/- 0.6.

Herschel -ATLAS: extragalactic number counts from 250 to 500 microns

Aims. The Herschel-ATLAS survey (H-ATLAS) will be the largest area survey to be undertaken by the Herschel Space Observatory. It will cover 550 sq. deg. of extragalactic sky at wavelengths of 100, 160, 250, 350 and 500 μm when completed, reaching flux limits (5σ) from 32 to 145 mJy. We here present galaxy number counts obtained for SPIRE observations of the first ∼14 sq. deg. observed at 250, 350 and 500 μm. Methods. Number counts are a fundamental tool in constraining models of galaxy evolution. We use source catalogs extracted from the H-ATLAS maps as the basis for such an analysis. Correction factors for completeness and flux boosting are derived by applying our extraction method to model catalogs and then applied to the raw observational counts. Results. We find a steep rise in the number counts at flux levels of 100−200 mJy in all three SPIRE bands, consistent with results from BLAST. The counts are compared to a range of galaxy evolution models. None of the current models is an ideal fit to the data but all ascribe the steep rise to a population of luminous, rapidly evolving dusty galaxies at moderate to high redshift.

The first release of data from the Herschel ATLAS: the SPIRE images★

We have reduced the data taken with the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) photometer on board the Herschel Space Observatory in the Science Demonstration Phase (SDP) of the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS). We describe the data reduction, which poses specific challenges, both because of the large number of detectors which can have noise correlated in each array, and because only two scans are made for each region. We implement effective solutions to process the bolometric timelines into maps, and show that correlations among detectors are negligible, and that the photometer is stable on time scales up to 250 s. This is longer than the time the telescope takes to cross the observed sky region, and it allows us to use naive binning methods for an optimal reconstruction of the sky emission. The maps have equal contribution of confusion and white instrumental noise, and the former is estimated to 5.3, 6.4 and 6.7 mJy beam−1 (1σ), at 250, 350 and 500 μm, respectively. This pipeline is used to reduce other H-ATLAS observations, as they became available, and we discuss how it can be used with the optimal map maker implemented in the Herschel Interactive Processing Environment (HIPE), to improve computational efficiency and stability. The SDP data set is available from http://www.h-atlas.org/.