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American Journal of Potato Research | 1979

Changes in chlorpropham residues in stored potatoes

D. L. Corsini; G. F. Stallknecht; Walter C. Sparks

Chlorpropham (CIPC)3 concentrations were measured in peel samples of tubers taken from large commercial potato storages and from test bins after aerosol application. Tuber samples were taken at different levels within the pile and at numerous sites near the surface. The minimum concentration of CIPC in the peel layer for complete inhibition of sprouting was estimated to be 20 ppm. Immediately after commercial application of CIPC, 99% of the sample sites had concentrations high enough to completely inhibit sprouting, and residues in the peel were generally highest in samples obtained from the surface and from the bottom of the pile. CIPC concentrations decreased during the storage season in nearly all sites tested. Storages differed in the rate at which CIPC was lost. Mean peel residues fell below the level necessary for sprout inhibition in some storages but not in others. The rate of CIPC loss increased at the same time that air movement to maintain the desired temperature increased. With the 20 ppm threshold level as a guide, it is possible to monitor commercial storages for sprout-inhibition status. Retreatment before peel residues drop below 20 ppm can extend sprout inhibition in storage.ResumenConcentraciones de Clorprofan (CIPC) fueron medidas en muestras de tubérculos pelados tomadas de grandes almacenes comerciales de papa y de cajas de muestreo después de una aplicación aerosol.Las muestras de tubérculos fueron tomadas de diferentes niveles dentro de la pila y en numerosos lugares cercanos a la superficie. La concentración minima de CIPC en la capa pelada para la inhibición completa del brotamiento fue estimada en 20 ppm. Inmediatamente después de la aplicación comercial de CIPC, 99% de los lugares muestreados presentaron concentraciones suficientemente altas para inhibir el brotamiento por completo, y los residuos en el pelado fueron generalmente más altos en las muestras obtenidas de la superficie y del fondo de la pila.Las concentraciones de CIPC disminuyeron durante la temporada de almacenamiento en casi todos los lugares muestreados. Los almacenamientos difirieron en la tasa en que el CIPC disminuyó.Las medias de los residuos pelados, cayeron debajo del nivel necesario para inhibir el brotamiento en algunos almacenamiento pero no en otros.La tasa périda de CIPC aumentó al mismo tiempo que el movimiento del aire para mantener el aumento de temperatura deseada.Con el nivel inicial de 20 ppm como guía, es posible medir almacenamientos comerciales para estados de inhibición del brotamiento.Nuevos tratamientos antes que los residuos pelados disminuyeron bajo los 20 ppm pueden extender la inhibición del brotamiento en almacenaje.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1979

The effect of nitrogen on the coumarin-induced tuberization of potato axillary shoots culturedin vitro

G. F. Stallknecht; S. Farnsworth

Coumarin-induced tuberization was studied on axillary shoots excised from etiolated potato sprouts each of which was cultured in vitro. Sprouts grown on culture medium with high nitrogen concentrations produced axillary shoots which elongated and would not readily tuberize. Sprouts cultured on medium low in nitrogen produced axillary shoots which tuberized with limited elongation. Carbohydrate concentration of the culture medium for the excised axillary shoot could significantly modify the nitrogen effect of the potato sprout medium. Axillary shoots growing on high nitrogen medium did not tuberize except in cases where the carbohydrate concentration was increased.ResumenLa tuberización inducida por cumarina fué estudiada en tallos axilares seccionados de brotes etiolados de tubérculos crecidos en medio nutritivo. Brotes crecidos en medio nutritivo con concentratión alta de nitrógeno produjo tallos axilares que se desarrollaron vegetativamente sin tuberizar. Brotes crecidos en medio eon baja concentración de nitrógeno produjo ramas axilares que tuberizaron y tuvieron un crecimiento vegetativo limitado. La concentración de carbohidratos en el medio para los tallos axilares seccionados influyó significativamente sobre el efecto del nitrógeno en los brotes. Tallos axilares creciendo en concentración alta de nitrógeno no tuberizaron excepto en los casos donde la concentración de carbohidratos fue aumentado.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1982

The effect of the inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis on the coumarin-induced tuberization and growth of excised axillary shoots of potato sprquts (Solanum tuberosum l.) culturedin vitro

G. F. Stallknecht; S. Farnsworth

The inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis; chloramphenicol, para-fluorophenylalanine, actinomycin D, and 5-fluorouracil were evaluated for their effectiveness in inhibiting coumarin-induced tuberization, tuber growth, and the inhibition of.root and shoot growth of excised axillary shoots of potato sprouts culturedin vitro. To date, it has been demonstrated that both kinetin and coumarin readily effect 100 percent tuberization of the shoots culturedin vitro. The results of the present study demonstrate that with the exception of 5-fluorouracil, the inhibitors significantly inhibited the coumarin-induced. tuberization, tuber growth, and root growth whereas in previously published data by Palmer and Smith (6), the inhibitors merely delayed kinetin-induced tuberization. It is suggested that both protein and nucleic acid synthesis are required for the coumarin-induced tuberization processes, and the mode of action of coumarin is distinctly different from that of kinetin.ResumenLos inhibidores de la sintesis de proteina y ácido nucléico; cloranfenicol, para-Fluorfenilalanina, Actinomicin D, y 5-fluoruracil, fueron evaluados en cuanto a su efectividad en inhibir la tuberización inducida por coumarina, crecimiento de los tubérculos y la inhibición del crecimineto de raíces y tallos en brotes axilares extraídos de brotes de tubérculos de papa cultivadosin vitro. Al presente, ha sido demostrado que ambos, kinetina y coumarina, producen un efecto inmediato en los brotes cultivadosin vitro causando un 100% de tuberización. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que, con exception de 5-fluoruacil los inhibidores causaron una inhibitción significativa de la tuberización inducida por coumarina, en el crecimiento de los tubérculos y de las raíces, mientras que en datos publicados previamente por Palmer y Smith (6), los inhibidores sólo retrasaron la tuberización inducida por kinetina. Esto lleva a sugerir que la sintesis de ambos, proteina y ácido nucléico son requeridos para el proceso de inducción de tuberización por coumarina y que la forma de acción de la coumarina es claramente diferente a la de kinetina.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1978

Respiration and sugar content of potato tubers as influenced by storage temperature

R. B. Dwelle; G. F. Stallknecht

Tubers of Russet Burbank, Kennebec, Targhee, Pioneer, Norchip and Aberdeen selection A68678-1 were stored at 95% relative humidity and at 1.7, 4.4, 5.8, 7.2 or 10°C (35, 40, 42.5, 45 or 50°F). The rate of CO2 release by whole tubers was measured weekly November through May. For all varieties except Norchip, CO2 evolution during the first months of storage was generally lowest at 7.2°C (45°F) and higher at the other temperatures studied. At all temperatures at which sprouting occurred, CO2 evolution increased substantially following sprout initiation, again excepting Norchip. Neither total nor reducing sugars correlated with rates of whole tuber CO2 evolution.Rates of 02 consumption were measured periodically by removing individual tubers from storage, excising disks of pith parenchyma tissue, and incubating the disks in a Gilson Respirometer at 30°C (86°F). Midway through the storage season, 02 consumption was lowest in tissue slices taken from 1.7 and 10°C (35 and 50°F), highest in slices from intermediate temperatures. Rates of 02 consumption by tissue slices removed from the different temperatures were in general inversely related to rates of CO2 evolution by whole tubers at those temperatures.ResumenTubérculos de Russet Burbank, Kennebec, Targhee, Pioneer, Norchip y Aberdeen-Selección A68678-1 fueron almacenados a 95% de humedad relativa, y 1.7, 4.4, 5.8, 7.2 ó 10°C (35, 40, 42.5, 45 ó 50°F). La tasa de CO2 liberada por todos los tubérculos, fue medida semanalmente de noviembre a mayo. Para todas las variedades, excepto Norchip, la evolución del CO2 durante los primeros meses de almacenamiento fue en general la más baja a 7.2°C (45°F) y más alta a las otras temperaturas estudiadas. Para todas las temperaturas a las cuales ocurrió el brotamiento, la evolución del CO2 aumentó sustancialmente luego de la iniciación del brotamiento; excepto Norchip.No se encontró correlación entre azúcares totales o azúcares reductores y las tasas de evolución de CO2 de todos los tubérculos.Las tasas de consumo de CO2 fueron medidas periódicamente, removiendo tubérculos individuales del almacenamiento, cortando discos de tejido de parénquima medular, e incubando los discos en un Respirómetro Gilson a 30°C (86°F). En la etapa media de almacenamiento, el consumo de O2 fue mas bajo en cortes de tejidos obtenidos de 1.7 y 10°C (35 y 50°F) y más alto a temperaturas intermedias.Las tasas de consumo de CO2 de los cortes de tejidos obtenidos de las diferentes temperaturas fueron en general inversamente proporcionales a las tasas de evolución de CO2 del total de tubérculos a esas temperaturas.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1975

The testing of blighted, aged, and control Russet Burbank potato tuber preparation for ability to produce spina bifida and anencephaly in rats, rabbits, hamsters, and mice

Richard F. Keeler; Dexter R. Douglas; G. F. Stallknecht

Feeding trials were performed in which we tested for specific teratogenicity certain freeze-dried preparations from Russet Burbank potatoes. The preparations were experimentally infected under conditions designed to ensure vigorous infection withPhytophthora infestans or infected similarly with the early blight organismAlternaria solani. Some preparations were cut and aged under conditions that enhanced the alkaloid level. Some preparations were untreated. None of the preparations when fed to rats, mice, hamsters, and rabbits produced anencephaly or spina bifida.ResúmenSe realizaron pruebas de alimentación en las cuales ensayamos ciertas preparaciones liofilizadas de papa Russet Burbank para determinar su teratogenicidad específica. Las preparaciones fueron infectadas experimentalmente bajo condiciones diseñadas para asegurar infectión vigorosa conPhytophthora infestans, similarmente con el organismo del tizón tempranoAlternaria solani. Algunas preparaciones fueron cortadas y envejecidas bajo condiciones que intensificaron el nivel de alcaloide, otras no fueron tratadas. La ingestión de estos preparados por ratas, ratones, crisetos y conejos no produjeron anencefalía o “spina bifida”.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1978

Response of four potato varieties to potassium fertilization in a seed growing area of eastern Idaho

R. E. McDole; G. F. Stallknecht; R. B. Dwelle; J. J. Pavek

A soil test value of 112 ppm K in the 0 to 8 in (0 to 20 cm) depth was sufficient to produce a 250 cwt/A (28 T/ha) yield with no response to K fertilization. With a 93 ppm soil test value, potassium fertilizer increased yields in all four varieties tested. These results were obtained from trials at two locations in a seed-growing area in eastern Idaho where soil tests indicated low potassium levels (90 to 100 ppm K). Russet Burbank, Targhee, Nampa, and Butte varieties were included in the study at one location and only Russet Burbank at the second location. Potassium fertilizer treatments included K2O rates of 0, 250, and 5001b/A (0, 280, and 560 kg/ha) for each of the two forms of potassium fertilizer (KC1 and K2SO4). At the time of tuber initiation, a petiole content of 7% K in Russet Burbank was sufficient to produce maximum yields while a petiole content less than 6% K was insufficient. Analysis of petiole samples taken during the season showed that the K content declined rapidly as the season progressed. Potassium chloride generally resulted in higher petiole K levels than did potassium sulfate. Varieties appeared to differ in petiole K levels.ResumenEn el análisis de suelo, un valor de 112 ppm K en la capa de 0 a 8″ (0 a 20 cm) era suficiente para producir un rendimiento de 250 CWT/A (28 T/ha) sin respuesta a fertilización con K. Con un valor de 93 ppm de K en el análisis de suelo, la fertilización potásica aumentó los rendimientos en las cuatro variedades experimentadas. Estos resultados fueron obtenidos en ensayos realizados en dos localidades en areas de producción de semilla en el Este de Idaho, donde los análisis de suelos indicaban niveles bajos de K (90 a 100 ppm de K).Las variedades Russet Burbank, Targhee, Nampa y Butte fueron incluídas en el estudio de una localidad y solamente Russet Burbank en la segunda localidad. Los tratamientos de K2O fueron 0, 250 y 500 lb/A (0, 280 y 560 Kg/Ha), para cada una de las dos formas de potasio (C1K y SO4 K2). Al momento de la iniciación de la tuberización, un contenido de 7% K en el peciolo en la variedad Russet Burbank fue suficiente para producir el máximo rendimiento, mientras que menos de 6% de K en el peciolo fue insuficiente. Análisis de las muestras de peciolo tomadas durante la estación, mostraron que el contenido de K decrecía rápidamente a medida que avanzaba la estación. Con cloruro de potasio generalmente resultaba en un mayor contenido de niveles de potasio que con sulfato. Las variedades mostraron diferencias en el contenido de potasio en el peciolo.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1977

Effets of soil potash treatment and storage temperature on blackspot bruise development in tubers of fourSolanum tuberosum cultivars

R. B. Dwelle; G. F. Stallknecht; R. E. McDole; J. J. Pavek

Plots of Russet Burbank, Nampa, Targhee, and A6371-2 received O, 250, and 500 lb of potash (K2O/A as KC1 or K2SO4). Tubers were bruised following harvest. Potash treatment had no significant effect in reducing blackspot development when there was no yield response to K fertilization. On soil that tested low for K, potash treatment significantly reduced blackspot development for all four cultivars. Tuber subsamples were bruised after 6 mo in storage at either 1.7 or 10 C. Differences in blackspot bruise development between low and high K were maintained for those tubers stored at 10 C; differences were not maintained and little discoloration developed in tubers stored at 1.7 C, due perhaps to less enzyme activity and less substrate. The Nampa cultivar was significantly more resistant to blackspot than the other three cultivars.ResumenParselas de Russet Burbank, Nampa, Targhee y A6371-2 recibieron O, 250, y 500 libras de potasa (K2O/A como KCL o K2SO4. Los tubérculos fueron lesionados después de la cosecha. La aplicación de patasa no tuvo efecto significativo en reducir el desarrollo de mancha negra cucando no hubo respuesta a la fertilización potásica en la cosecha. En suelos de bajo contenido potásico en el análisis, el uso de potasa redujo significativamente el desarrollo de mancha negra en los cuatro cultivares. Submuestras de tubérculos fueron lesionados después de 6 meses n almacen a temperaturas de 1.7 o 10° C. Las diferencias en el desarrollo de manchas negras (debidas a lesiones des tubérculo) entre bajo y alto potasio se mantuvieron para aquellos tubérculos almacenados a 10° C; estra diferencias no se mantuvieron y, poca descoloración desarrolló en los tubérculos almacenados a 1.7 C, debido quizás a menor actividad enzimática y menos substrato. El cultivar Nampa fue significativamente más resistente al desarrollo de manchas negras que los otros tres cultivares.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1976

Residues of metribuzin and its metabolites in potato tubers

R. H. Callihan; G. F. Stallknecht; R. B. Dwelle; M. Blicharczyk

Metribuzin [4-amino-6-t-butyl-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5 (4H)-one] and its major metabolites were found by gas chromatography in harvested tubers of field-grown Russet Burbank potatoes treated with metribuzin for weed control at application rates from 0.25 lb/A to 4.0 lb/A. Metribuzin and its diketo metabolite [6-(l,l,dimethylethyl)-3-(methyl-thio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] (DK) constituted nearly all of the residues; these increased in linear proportion to metribuzin application rates between 0.25 and 4.0 lb/A. From potatoes planted May 28, metribuzin residue in tubers harvested October 5 and stored five months at 45 F reached the following maxima at the 4.0 1b rate: 0.30 ppm from preemergence application on June 10, 0.68 ppm from application to 4” high plants on June 27, 0.93 ppm from application to 8” plants on July 5, and 1.68 ppm application to 16” plants on July 22. Both DK and metribuzin values from the earliest application were significantly lower than those from later dates, and residues from the last application date were significantly higher than those from earlier dates. Residues from equivalent rates applied at the June 27 and July 5 dates did not differ significantly. With all June 10 treatments, tuber metribuzin was well below 0.6 ppm (1975 EPA tolerance for metribuzin together with its metabolites). From the June 27 and July 5 dates, metribuzin exceeded tolerance only from the 4 1b rate. Metribuzin residue approached tolerance at the 1 lb rate applied July 22, but did not approach it at the lower rates. Combined values approached or exceeded tolerance from the 2 lb rate applied June 27 or July 5 and exceeded tolerance at the 1 lb rate applied July 22. Correlation of DK with combined values was .966; DK averaged 30% of the total. When combined values were over 0.6 ppm, the deaminated metabolite (DA) accounted for approximately 8% of the total.


American Journal of Potato Research | 1976

Rates of internal blackspot bruise development in potato tubers under conditions of elevated temperatures and gas pressures

R. B. Dwelle; G. F. Stallknecht

Internal blackspot bruising was produced in Russet Burbank tubers by dropping a 150 g weight 40 cm through a slotted guide tube and incubating the tubers for varying time periods at temperatures ranging from 10 to 80 C. When potatoes were bruised following 1 to 5 months storage, those tubers incubated at 10 C required 48 hr for maximum blackspot development. Increasing the incubation temperature accelerated blackspot formation with an optimum response at 36 to 40 C. At 40 C tubers reached maximum discoloration within 6 hr. Bruised tubers were also exposed to combinations of varied temperatures and varied gas pressures of 0.3 to 2.1 kg/cm2 using air, O2, CO2, and N2. Pressurized air slightly enhanced the temperature effect at 40 C; pressurized O2 had no significant effect upon blackspot development, while CO2 and N2 inhibited blackspot formation. Blackspot bruises incurred in the field during harvest required a longer incubation period at a lower temperature than did bruises inflicted on tubers held in storage for 1 to 5 months.ResumenManchas negras internas fueron producidas en tubérculos Russet Burbank dejando caer una pesa de 150 gr. una distancia de 40 cm a través de un tubo ranurado e incubando los tubérculos por periodos variables de tiempo a temperaturas entre los 10 y 80° C. Cuando las papas fueron danadas después de 1 a 5 meses de almacenaje, los tubérculos incubados a 10° C requirieron 48 hr para el máximo desarrollo de la mancha negra. El incremento de la temperatura de incubación aceleró la formación de manchas megras con una resputsta óptima de36 a 40° C. A 40° C los tubérculos alcanzaron máximo ennegrecimiento dentro de 6 horas. Los tubérculos dañados fueron tamtién expuestos a combinaciones de temperatura variadas y presiones de gas do 0.3 a 2.1 Kg/cm2 usando aire, O2, CO2 y N2. El aire presurizado ligeramente favoreció el efecto de la temperatura a 40°C; el presurizado no tuvo efecto significative sobre el desarrollo de la mancha negra, mientras CO2 y N2 inhibieron la formatión de mancha negra. Darños de mancha negra que occurrieron en el campo durante la cosecha requieron un periodo de incubation más larga a temperatura más baja que los daños provocados en tubérculos mantenidos en almacenaje por 1 a 5 meses.


Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | 1976

Teratogenicity of the solatium alkaloid solasodine and of ‘Kennebec’ potato sprouts in hamsters

Richard F. Keeler; Dennis G. Brown; Dexter R. Douglas; G. F. Stallknecht; Stuart Young

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Dexter R. Douglas

United States Department of Agriculture

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J. J. Pavek

Agricultural Research Service

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Richard F. Keeler

United States Department of Agriculture

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Stuart Young

Colorado State University

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