G.F.W. Haenlein

Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals

Knjiga prikazuje raspoloživost, sastav i tehnologiju proizvodnje mlijeka u svijetu od sisavaca koji nisu goveda. Knjiga obrađuje osam vrsta mlijeka domacih životinja: kozje, ovcje, bivolje, kobilje, devino mlijeko, mlijeko jaka, soba, krmace i ostalih manje znacajnih vrsta ne-goveda kao i humano mlijeko. Knjiga predstavlja nadograđeno prvo izdanje, s obzirom da su od 2006. godine, kada je izaslo prvo izdanje, u znanosti proizasle mnoge nove spoznaje koje su ugrađene u ovo izdanje. Ova knjiga naglasava važnost ne-goveđeg mlijeka u svijetu razlicitih klimatskih i zemljopisnih podrucja. Potrosaci suvremenog drustva traže nove raznovrsnije, sofisticiranije i nutritivno vrijednije namirnice sto ovoj knjizi daje veliki znacaj.

Relationship of somatic cell counts in goat milk to mastitis and productivity

Abstract This review covers research since the Symposium at Bella, Italy, in 1994, and as published in three major dairy research journals. It examines in particular non-pathological influences on somatic cell counts (SCCs) levels as they are unique for goat milk and different from cow milk in order to aid towards progress for establishing equitable quality standards for goat and sheep milk. Different testing equipment and procedures are of variable reliability and applicability to goat milk, unless appropriate correction factors and calibration with goat milk are used. The only reliable method for arbitration seems to be the pyronin Y-methyl green stain. Culturing goat milk samples indicated that in commercial goat herds the variation in SCC can be as much as 90% due to non-infectious factors, and a correlation with standard plate counts of bacteria may be only at r =0.44. Among pathogens found in goat udders, Staphylococcus aureus seems to cause higher levels of SCC than coagulase negative staphylococci. Prevalence of pathogenic species in different herds varies between S. aureus , S. epidermidis , and coagulase negative staphylococci. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils predominate in goat milk and at higher levels than in cow milk under non-infectious conditions. Histopathological sections of goat udders with high SCC showed absence of mastitic conditions and that healthy goat udders can have high SCC levels normally. Stage of lactation always influences SCC. In contrast to cow milk tests, a single SCC test in goat milk has little value unless stage of lactation and parity is incorporated. Curvilinear and linear regressions have been calculated for the prediction of SCC versus stage of lactation. Estrus may also elevate SCC, but definitive studies in goats are lacking. Goat milk samples before, during and after milking differ significantly in SCC. Hand milking may cause higher SCC than machine milking, but studies have been inconclusive. The few studies of effects of SCC on productivity of goat milk, cheese and yoghurt have been inconclusive so far, partly because the incidence of subclinical and clinical infections in goat udders is less than in cow udders, and any risk of antibiotic contamination is also less. Different threshold levels have been proposed for SCC, but their predictive value of udder infections has been very variable.

Protein, lignin and mineral contents and in situ dry matter digestibility of native Mexican grasses consumed by range goats

Abstract Native grasses from northeastern Mexico, such as Aristida spp., Bouteloua gracilis (Thurb), Cenchrus incertus (M.A. Curtis), Hilaria berlangeri (Steud. Nash), Panicum hallii (Varsey), Setaria macrostachya (H.B.K.), and Cenchrus ciliaris (L.), an introduced grass, that are consumed by range goats were evaluated to estimate seasonal CP, lignin, Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn contents, and the rate and extent of DM digestion. The in situ nylon bag technique was used to estimate effective digestibility/degradability of DM (EDDM). Potential mineral intake by an adult range goat consuming these grasses was also estimated. The CP content in all grasses was significantly different between seasons. P. hallii had high annual mean CP contents (12%) and Aristida spp. (6%) was low. The native grasses B. gracilis (9%, annual mean), S. macrostachya (10%) and C. incertus (8%) had CP values comparable to the introduced grass C. ciliaris (9%). Lignin contents in all grasses were also significantly different between seasons. Aristida spp. had high annual means (10%) and H. berlangeri was low (6%). With the exception of H. berlangeri , all grasses had higher lignin contents (annual means) than C. ciliaris (6%). The EDDM in all grasses was significantly different between seasons. C. incertus (45%, annual mean) had the highest EDDM, while Aristida spp. (26%) was lowest. During spring and autumn, EDDM in all grasses was higher than in the other seasons. P. hallii , H. berlangeri and C. incertus had comparable EDDM values to C. ciliaris (40%) in all seasons. It was estimated that an adult range goat consuming the studied grasses, could eat sufficient amounts of Ca, Fe, and K (except for K from Aristida spp. in winter and summer), but of Na, Zn and Mn only in spring and autumn, and of Cu only in autumn. The P and Mg contents were marginally deficient in most grasses and in all seasons. The native grasses P. hallii , S. macrostachya, B. gracilis can be considered valuable grasses for goats on the range, because of their relatively high CP contents, and C. incertus, P. hallii and H. berlangeri because of their relatively high EDDM values, comparable to C. ciliaris . However, range goats consuming these grasses need to be supplemented with P and Mg in all seasons, with Na, Zn and Mn in winter and summer, and Cu in winter, spring and summer seasons.

Seasonal variation of macro and trace mineral contents in 14 browse species that grow in northeastern Mexico

Leaves and twigs from shrub species consumed by range goats: Acacia berlandieri, Acacia farnesiana, Acacia greggii, Acacia rigidula, Celtis pallida, Cercidium macrum, Condalia obovata, Cordia boissieri, Desmanthus virgathus, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucophyllum texanum, Opuntia lindehimieri, Porlieria angustifolia, Prosopis glandulosa, and Ziziphus obtusifolia were evaluated for comparative seasonal contents of Ca, P, Mg K, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe. Plants were collected in summer (September 12, 1992), fall (November 20, 1992), winter (February 20, 1993) and spring (May 22, 1993) in Marín, County, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. During spring and summer mineral concentrations were higher in general. Only Ca, Mg, K, and Fe were in substantial amounts in all seasons to meet adult goat requirements. With the exception of spring, shrubs had extremely low P concentrations. Manganese, Cu and Zn in most plants had low marginal levels to meet adult goat requirements. Moreover, potential intake of P, Mn, Cu and Zn in shrub species by goats weighing 50kg BW consuming 2.0kg per day DM was low. However, plants such as D. virgathus, L. texanum, P. glandulosa, L. leucocephala and C. macrum can be considered prominent components in diets of range goats because of their high mineral concentrations. It appears that ration formulations for range goats in northeastern Mexico should include P, Mn, Cu and Zn in all seasons of the year.

Fattening of Pelibuey hair sheep and crossbreds (Rambouillet-Dorset×Pelibuey) in the Mexican tropics

A study was conducted on a farm in tropical Mexico with 19 crossbred (Pelibuey×Rambouillet-Dorset) and 20 Pelibuey hair sheep lambs, each group subdivided into male and female subgroups. Feeding in total confinement was with a ration of 6% guinea grass and 94% of a mixture of 37.5% poultry litter, 37.5% corn, 14.5% molasses, 7% coconut oilmeal, 2% urea, 1% salt and 0.5% minerals. Crossbreds and males exceeded Pelibuey and females in total feed intake and intake on a metabolic weight basis (P<0.05). Daily weight gains after 64 days of fattening for crossbreds were 238 g and 182 g compared with Pelibuey, 182 g and 102 g for males and females, respectively (P<0.05). Similar results were obtained after 34 days of fattening. Feed conversion efficiency similarly was better for crossbreds and better for males. Carcass evaluations gave similar results for all groups, with a small advantage for crossbreds in overall meat percentage. However crossbreds and males achieved desirable slaughter weight significantly earlier than Pelibuey and females. Feed cost per kg of meat production was significantly lower after 34 days compared with 64 days; and was lower for crossbreds and males after 34 and 64 days. It was concluded that F1 crossbreeding of hair sheep with larger wool breeds enables a greater weight gain to be obtained in a shorter time, with better feed conversion efficiency and economics.

Milk and dairy products in human nutrition : production, composition and health

Description: Milk is nature s most complete food, and dairy products are considered to be the most nutritious foods of all. The traditional view of the role of milk has been greatly expanded in recent years beyond the horizon of nutritional subsistence of infants: it is now recognized to be more than a source of nutrients for the healthy growth of children and nourishment of adult humans. Alongside its major proteins (casein and whey), milk contains biologically active compounds, which have important physiological and biochemical functions and significant impacts upon human metabolism, nutrition and health. Many of these compounds have been proven to have beneficial effects on human nutrition and health. This comprehensive reference is the first to address such a wide range of topics related to milk production and human health, including: mammary secretion, production, sanitation, quality standards and chemistry, as well as nutrition, milk allergies, lactose intolerance, and the bioactive and therapeutic compounds found in milk. In addition to cow s milk, the book also covers the milk of non–bovine dairy species which is of economic importance around the world. The Editors have assembled a team of internationally renowned experts to contribute to this exhaustive volume which will be essential reading for dairy scientists, nutritionists, food scientists, allergy specialists and health professionals.

Nutrient and mineral profile of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, texanus) diets in northeastern Mexico

Abstract The study was conducted to estimate and to compare the monthly variation of nutrient content of diets of deer. During 1989, samples of plant species were collected and pooled, according to the botanical composition of feces to simulate the monthly diet of deer. Collections were carried out in four ranches (about 12000 ha) located in the state of Nuevo Leon. Two diets in each ranch were evaluated for CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), insoluble nitrogen in acid detergent fibre (INADF), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), macro and trace minerals. Deer consumed diets with a high content of browse species (annual mean 94.2%). Forbs represented 5.2% and grasses 0.6% of the total composition. The crude protein (CP) in diets varied ( P Acacia rigidula (about 50.0%) which had high levels of condensed tannins (about 15.0%) may negatively influence the in vitro digestion of DM. Calcium, Mg, Na and K concentrations in deer diets were in adequate amounts to satisfy ruminant requirements. Phosphorus levels in diets were extremely low during all months. Conversely, higher concentrations of P in feces may indicate that deer had consumed more forbs than those determined by microhistology in feces. Although deer requirements of trace elements are unknown, they selected diets with concentrations of Fe, Mn and Cu to cover beef cattle requirements. However, Zn was the most limiting trace element appearing at marginal levels in diets during 6 months (summer and fall). It is recommended to managers and owners to open forest canopy in the range to allow an increase of forbs and native grass diversity and density with its associated increased nutritional value.

Improvement of biosustainability of a goat feeding system with key supplementation

A one-year study was conducted to measure the effects of balanced supplementation to improve biosustainability of a 110 head goat herd in Mexico in terms of economic feasibility on limited pasturing range land complemented with an alfalfa hay forage bank and grazing corn stubble. Average weight of adult females was 52.4105 kg, yearlings 40.03 kg at first kidding. Average total lactation milk production was 45521 kg in 210 days. Feeding strategy included balanced concentrate (BC) from December to May, gradually changing the supplementation when grazing started by offering a multinutritional block (MB) and complex catalytic granulate feed (CCF), which was used at the beginning of range pasture and continued, when goats were fed on corn stubble starting October. The initial BC was composed of corn, barley, wheat bran, soybean oil meal, but the latter was withdrawn from the mixture in May (3 Mcal ME and 12% CP; 10% from May on), offered twice a day. Animals on pasture from May until November were supplied ad libitum with MB prepared from molasses, urea, salt, cottonseed meal, limestone, cement kiln dust, corn stubble, and a mineral mixture, composed of triple superphosphate and a commercial mineral mix for ruminants and salt. Beginning in August, 200 g of CCF was added from a mixture of molasses, urea, salt, limestone, cottonseed meal, rice polishing, corn, poultry litter, commercial mineral salts, ammonium sulfate, cement kiln dust, and animal lard. Late pasture on corn stubble was from October to December. CCF was kept with the diet. Average voluntary feed intake (VFI) was 1.880 kg DM/d with an annual total of 828 kg; of which 248 kg DM was provided by alfalfa hay from a forage bank corresponding to 30% of the total feed intake; 182 kg or 22% of the diet was concentrate (BC, MB, CCF), and 398 kg or 48% was from range land (grasses, shrubs and tree leaves) or corn stubble pasturing. Balancing concentrate diminished the protein intake from 2.10 times requirements to 1.19. Changes in supplementation according to forage availability permitted nutritional optimization of the system. It was possible to improve biosustainability (forages produced on the farm) from 33% before to 48%, while increasing milk production from 400 to 455 kg/year and diminishing production cost from 20 to 17 US cents per liter of milk. # 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of a controlled-release urea supplement on rumen fermentation in sheep fed a diet of sugar cane tops (Saccharum officinarum), corn stubble (Zea mays) and King grass (Pennisetum purpureum).

Four cannulated sheep were used to study ruminal fermentation of a diet consisting of 60% sugar cane tops (Saccharum officinarum), 30% corn stubble (Zea mays), 10% King grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and 0% (control), 10, 20 or 30% controlled-release urea supplement (CRUS) (diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively). Average ruminal pH did not differ among diets (P>0.05), but during the first 6h of sampling tended to be higher for CRUS diets. Ammonia concentrations were higher (P<0.01) in all treatments over controls, indicating microbial protein generation. Acetic acid production (mM/1) decreased (P<0.05), propionic acid increased (P<0.05), while butyric acid production did not differ among CRUS diets and controls (P>0.05). Total amounts of ruminal VFA were lowest (P<0.01) in controls, while CRUS diets produced more of these energy sources. Supplementation of the high fiber diets with 10, 20 or 30% CRUS increasingly improved rumen fermentation, ammonia supply and VFA production. The results show that low quality forages (up to 70% DMI) can be used efficiently by sheep when conditions for ruminal microorganism are improved with a controlled-release urea supplement.

Effect of a controlled-release urea supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal kinetics of sheep fed low quality tropical forage

Four ruminally cannulated crossbred sheep (25+/-3.4kg BW) were divided into a 4x4 Latin square design to measure the effects of controlled-release urea supplement (CRUS). The basal diet consisted of 60% sugar cane tops (Saccharum officinarum), 30% full plant corn stubble (Zea mays), and 10% King grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Feed intake, digestibility, N balance and in situ ruminal kinetics were studied with four diets, D1 (control), D2, D3 and D4, which included the ratios of 100:0%, 90:10%, 80:20% or 70:30% of basal diet with CRUS. Results showed DMI differences (P<0.05) for D4 (822g per day) versus D1, D2 and D3 (580, 659 and 700g per day, respectively). N retention increased (P<0.05) for D4 (35.69g per day) versus D1, D2 and D3 (9.29, 6.85 and 19.10g per day, respectively). In vivo N digestibility was greater (P<0.05) in D4 (79.63%) than in D1 (57.57%). In vivo digestibility of DM, OM, GE, cellulose and hemicellulose was similar among the four groups. Digestibility of cell walls in D4 was higher (P<0.05) at 74.06% versus 67.78% in D1. In situ DM digestibility showed differences (P<0.05) among all diets at 9, 12, 24 and 48h of incubation. Potentially digestible fiber, 52.61%, was higher (P<0.05) in D4 versus 31.00% in D1. Indigestible fiber, 35.29%, was lowest (P<0.05) in D4 compared to 81.51% in D1. Digestion rate constant (k(d)) was different (P<0.05) between the experimental diets and control. Passage constant (k(p)) was different (P<0.05) between all diets (0.036/h in D4 to 0.081/h in D1). True digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in D4 (44.64%) compared to D1 (19.55%), but in D2 (24.54%) and D3 (28.22%) there was no difference. Cellulose in situ digestion rate, the potentially digestible fiber, was higher (P<0.05) in D3 (42.74%) as compared to D1 (22.50%). Time of disappearance of cellulose in D4 (14.79h) was less (P<0.05) than in D1 (24.03h), however there was no difference between D1 and D2. Hemicellulose in situ digestion was different (P<0.05) between D3 (45.48%) and D1 (23.61%). Digestion rate was higher (P<0.05) between D3 and D4 as compared to D1. Passage rate was different (P<0.05) between D4 (0.033/h) and D1 (0.018/h). True digestibility in D3 (34.84%) and D4 (34.62%) was higher (P<0.05) than that in D1 (20.06%) and D2 (25.86%). Half-time disappearance (t(1/2)) for hemicellulose was higher (P<0.05) in D1 (62.36h) than in D3 (28.00h) and D4 (20.64h). This study demonstrated that low quality forages at 70% of the total diet can be efficiently utilized by sheep when controlled-release urea supplementation is 30% of the feeding regime.