G. G. Gnesin

On the Origin of Metallurgical Technologies in the Bronze Age

The paper overviews the origin and development of metallurgical technologies, including the production of metals and alloys, methods of their treatment, and applications of metallic materials in the Bronze Age.

Mechanism for the Formation of a Solid Solution of Carbon in Silicon Carbide

We consider a mechanism for the formation of a solid solution of carbon in silicon carbide when various carbide synthesis methods are used that involve participation of thermally expanded (exfoliated) graphite. We have determined the role of chemical transport reactions in processes of solid-phase interaction between the components of the synthesis. We have optimized the conditions for synthesis of a powder of a solid solution of carbon in silicon carbide with participation of thermally expanded graphite.

Metals and Alloys of the Bronze Age: from Middle to Modern Times. I. Copper and its Alloys

The paper overviews the historical evolution of technologies and applications of copper, bronze, brass, and other copper-based alloys that were in use in the Bronze Age and found further development from the Middle to modern times.

Metals and Alloys of Bronze Age: from Middle to Modern Times. II. Gold, Silver, Tin, Lead, Mercury, and Their Alloys

The paper continues the historical overview of technologies and applications of metals traditional for the Bronze Age that were in use from the early Middle to present times: gold, silver, tin, lead, mercury, and their alloys. Modern development of industries and artistic applications with these metals and their alloys are shown.

Structuring and Mechanical Properties of Composite Ceramics SiC(C) ― Si3N4, Sintered under High Pressure

We have studied the kinetics of high-pressure sintering of a composite SiC(C) ― Si3N4 powder of a certain phase composition. We consider structuring and mechanical properties of the ceramics obtained on the basis of this powder.

Some Characteristic Features of Formation of Ceramics Based on Composite Powders SiC ― Si3N4 ― Si2N2O

We have studied the characteristic features of synthesis of composite powders SiC ― Si3N4 ― Si2N2O. We have investigated processes involving hot pressing of these powders without activating additives and a protective atmosphere. We consider the mechanical properties of ceramics obtained on the basis of these composite powders.

Revisiting the History of Materials Science Glass, Glaze, and Enamel over the Millennia. I. Glass

The paper presents an overview of the centuries-old evolution of glass formulations, technologies, and applications throughout the history of civilization. We show the role of glass in works of art, in manufacture of housewares, as a transparent and translucent material in construction, and in applications such as optics and laser technology, reinforcement for composites, and transparent armor.

Glass, Glaze, and Enamel Over the Millennia. II. Glazes and Enamels

The paper presents a historical evolution of compositions and applications of glazes on various ceramics (majolica, facing tile, glazed pottery, porcelain). The origin and development of artistic and industrial enameling processes for metals are described. The effect of additions in glazes and enamels on the color and transparency of decorative, artistic, and technical vitreous coatings on metallic and nonmetallic materials is exemplified by objects created in different historical epochs.

Origin and Development of Knowledge on Inorganic Materials (Historical Overview)

The evolution of knowledge and inventions that contributed to the science of materials has been studied. The development of materials science in the ancient world involved the accumulation of intuitive inventions and the development of crafts. The antiquity established natural philosophy ideas about the nature of matter and divided all existent things into organic and inorganic worlds (Democritus, Epicurus, Aristotle). In the early Middle Ages, alchemy was widespread, with an idea of transmuting elements into gold. Although alchemical ideas were erroneous, they brought some benefits, contributing to the development of scientific experiment. The New Times marked the rapid development of fundamental sciences that promoted theoretical and practical materials science. This paper presents a chronology of the most important inventions and scientific concepts in a tabular form.

Iron Age: Origin and Evolution of Ferrous Metallurgy

A historical overview of the origin and evolution of ferrous metallurgy, fundamentals of producing iron and its alloys, is presented. The paper shows the sequence of discoveries behind the technology of iron and steel, the effect of carbon on the formation of cast iron and steel, as well as the progress in foundry and thermomechanical treatment of iron alloys, which promoted the development of large-scale production that laid the foundation for industrial development and material basis of civilization.