G. Gomez

Toxicogenomic profile of apoptotic and necrotic SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss after acute and long-term chlorpyrifos exposure

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate insecticide reported to induce, both after acute and repeated exposure, learning and memory dysfunctions, although the mechanism is not completely known. CPF produces basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss, involved on learning and memory regulation, which could be the cause of such cognitive disorders. This effect was reported to be induced through apoptotic process, partially mediated by AChE overexpression, although neuronal necrosis was also described after CPF exposure. Accordingly, we hypothesized that CPF induces apoptotic and necrotic basal forebrain cholinergic cell death. We evaluated, in septal SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, the CPF effect after 24h and 14days exposure on apoptosis and necrosis induction and the apoptotic and necrotic gene expression pathways. This study shows that CPF induces, after acute and long-term exposure, apoptosis and necrosis, partially mediated through AChE overexpression. Evaluation of cell death pathways supports the necrosis and apoptosis data and revealed that some genes are altered at lower concentrations than those at which the effects observed are produce and below the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). The present finding suggests that the use of gene expression profile could be a more sensitive and accurate way to determine the CPFs NOAEL.

SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss after acute and long-term chlorpyrifos exposure through oxidative stress generation; P75NTR and α7-nAChRs alterations mediated partially by AChE variants disruption

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphates insecticide reported to induce, both after acute and repeated exposure, cognitive disorders and basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss, involved on learning and memory regulation, which could be the cause of such cognitive disorders. This neuronal loss was mediated partially by AChE variants alteration, suggesting other mechanisms are involved. In this regard, CPF induces oxidative stress that is implicated in the induction of cognitive deficits, changes in AChE variants expression and neuronal loss. Otherwise, it has been shown that P75(NTR) and the α7-nAChRs expression is altered in basal forebrain of rats after CPF long-term exposure; this alteration has been related with oxidative stress induction, cholinergic cell loss, and disruption of learning and memory processes. According to these data, we hypothesized that CPF induces basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss through induction of oxidative stress produced by P75(NTR) and α7-nAChRs altered expression, which could mediate this action in part through AChE variants disruption. We evaluated this hypothesis in septal SN56 basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, after 24h and 14days CPF exposure in vitro. This study shows that CPF upregulated P75(NTR) and downregulated α7-nAChRs expression, which increased H2O2 and malondialdehyde content and reduced cell viability partially through AChE variants induction. Alpha7-nAChRs repression induced oxidative stress and cell death partially through this mechanism, but P75(NTR) overexpression did not produce these effects, although it increased oxidative stress and cell death after CPF treatment, showing that its overexpression increases cell vulnerability. Our present results provide new understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the harmful effects of CPF.