G Grimble

A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial

Certain probiotics may prevent the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD), but their effectiveness depends on both strain and dose. There are few data on nutritional interventions to control AAD/CDAD in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population. The present study aimed to assess (1) the efficacy of consuming a commercially produced probiotic containing at least 6·5 × 10⁹ live Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) in reducing the incidence of AAD/CDAD, and (2) whether undernutrition and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are risk factors for AAD/CDAD. A total of 164 SCI patients (50·1 (sd 17·8) years) with a requirement for antibiotics (median 21 d, range 5-366) were randomly allocated to receive LcS (n 76) or no probiotic (n 82). LcS was given once daily for the duration of the antibiotic course and continued for 7 days thereafter. Nutritional risk was assessed by the Spinal Nutrition Screening Tool. The LcS group had a significantly lower incidence of AAD (17·1 v. 54·9%, P< 0·001). At baseline, 65% of patients were at undernutrition risk. Undernutrition (64·1 v. 33·3%, P< 0·01) and the use of PPI (38·4 v. 12·1 %, P= 0·022) were found to be associated with AAD. However, no significant difference was observed in nutrient intake between the groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified poor appetite ( < 1/2 meals eaten) (OR 5·04, 95% CI 1·28, 19·84) and no probiotic (OR 8·46, 95% CI 3·22, 22·20) as the independent risk factors for AAD. The present study indicated that LcS could reduce the incidence of AAD in hospitalised SCI patients. A randomised, placebo-controlled study is needed to confirm this apparent therapeutic success in order to translate into improved clinical outcomes.

The prevalence of malnutrition in spinal cord injuries patients: a UK multicentre study

Data on the prevalence of malnutrition among patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI) are lacking. The aim of the present study was to assess nutritional risk at admission, and the status of nutritional support in the UK SCI Centres (SCIC); a cross-sectional, multicentre study in four SCIC. A standardised questionnaire was used and distributed to the participating SCIC. After obtaining informed consent, baseline demographic data, nutritional risk score by the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, BMI and routine blood biochemistry were collected from every patient admitted to an SCIC. The four SCIC, comprising 48·2xa0% of the total UK SCI beds, contributed data from 150 patients. On admission, 44·3xa0% of patients were malnourished or at risk of undernutrition. Nutritional risk was more common in patients with acute high cervical SCI than those with lower SCI (60·7 v. 34·5xa0%), and nutritional risk was more common in those with additional complications including ventilatory support (with tracheostomy, 56·3 v. 38·7xa0%). Also, 45xa0% of patients were at risk of overnutrition (BMIxa0≥xa025xa0kg/m2). The prevalence of malnutrition in SCI patients admitted to SCIC is higher than national figures focused on general hospitalised patients, indicating that SCI patients are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. Patients with SCI who have a tracheostomy may need additional attention. Given the potential negative impact of malnutrition on clinical outcomes, an emphasis on mandatory nutrition screening, followed by detailed assessment for at-risk individuals should be in place in the SCIC.

Validation of the spinal nutrition screening tool (SNST) in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI):result from a multicentre study

Background/Objectives:A disease-specific nutrition screening tool (NST): the spinal nutrition screening tool (SNST) has been developed for use in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) but its reliability and agreement with other published tools requires investigation. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of malnutrition risk in SCI patients and to confirm the diagnostic accuracy of the SNST.Subjects/Methods:Patients’ baseline clinical data, anthropometric measurements and NST scores were assessed. The validity of the SNST was assessed by (i) comparing with a full dietetic assessment (criterion validity); (ii) comparison with a generic NST: malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) (concurrent validity); and (iii) completion of an additional SNST to assess inter- and intra-rater reliability. Agreement was assessed using Cohens κ-statistics.Results:Using the SNST, the prevalence of malnutrition risk ranged from 22 to 64% on admission to four SCI centres. The SNST had substantial agreement with MUST (κ: 0.723, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.607–0.839) and dietitian assessment (κ: 0.567, 95% CI: 0.434–0.699). The SNST had a moderate to substantial reliability (inter-rater reliability: κ: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2–0.8; intra-rater reliability: κ: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.486–0.802). When compared with dietetic assessment, the SNST had a numerically lower specificity (76.1% vs 80.4%) and similar agreement to MUST (κ: 0.57 vs 0.58) but SNST showed a numerically higher sensitivity (85.7% vs 80.4%) and a numerically higher negative predictive value (92% vs 89.2%) than MUST.Conclusions:This study shows that malnutrition is common in SCI patients. The SNST is an acceptable (valid and reliable) NST and may be a useful alternative to MUST in identifying SCI patients at risk of malnutrition.

Validation of the Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMP) in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs)

Objectives:To validate the Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMP) in paediatric spinal cord injuries (SCIs) patients admitted to the tertiary SCI centre.Methods:children’s baseline clinical data, anthropometric measurements and STAMP score were assessed on admission. The validity of STAMP was assessed by (i) comparison with a full dietetic assessment (criterion validity); (ii) comparison with generic paediatric screening tools: the Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS; concurrent validity); and (iii) completion of an additional STAMP to assess inter- and intra-rater reliability. The agreement was assessed using Cohen’s κ-statistics.Results:Fifty-one children were screened by STAMP. The prevalence of undernutrition risk was 58.8%. STAMP had moderate agreement with dietitian assessment (κ: 0.507) and a fair agreement with PYMS (κ: 0.314). The STAMP had substantial reliability (inter-rater reliability: κ: 0.752; intra-rater reliability: κ: 0.635). When compared with dietetic assessment as a reference standard, STAMP had a sensitivity of 83.3%, specificity of 66.7% and an overall agreement of 76.5%.Conclusion:The present study shows that undernutrition is common in children with SCI. The STAMP is an acceptable (valid and reliable) tool to identify paediatric SCI patients at risk of undernutrition.

How do spinal cord injury centres manage malnutrition? A cross-sectional survey of 12 regional centres in the United Kingdom and Ireland

Study design:A multi-centre, cross-sectional survey.Objectives:To establish and compare the resources allocated against existing national standards, and to document current nutritional screening practices.Setting:Spinal cord injury centres (SCICs) in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.Methods:After obtaining research ethics committee approval, 12 SCICs in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland were surveyed by a postal questionnaire. Data collected included the number of whole time equivalent (WTE) staff available, whether a nutrition team was present and the use of nutritional screening tools in the SCIC.Results:Eleven (92%) SCICs responded. In total there were 482 allocated beds, and the average numbers of patients per WTE staff (s.d.), including consultants, nurses, dietitians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and psychologists, were recorded. Eight centres used a nutritional screening tool, and only two centres had a clinical nutrition team.Conclusion:The resources allocated to nutritional care in SCICs appear to be very limited. This suggests that malnutrition will continue to be under-recognised and under-treated. There is a clear need for additional resources to address the nutritional needs of this special population group. Each SCIC should ensure regular access to nutritional advice, and the establishment of local nutrition support teams should be a priority.

Profile and prevalence of malnutrition in children with spinal cord injuries-assessment of the Screening Tool for Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics (STAMP).

Background:Data on the prevalence of malnutrition in paediatric patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) are limited. The present study aimed to establish the risk of (i) under-nutrition by using the Screening Tool for Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics: STAMP (score ⩾2) and (ii) over-nutrition by body mass index (BMI) centile (⩾91st: overweight; ⩾98th: obese).Methods:After obtaining informed consent, a standardized questionnaire was used to collect baseline demographic data and nutrition risk score; BMI was measured and routine blood biochemistry was reviewed in every child (>6 months and <18 years) admitted to the SCI centre.Results:Sixty-two children (mean age, 11.4 years; s.d., 4.9; median, 13 years; interquartile range, 7.8–15.6, 39.4% female) with SCI (46.5% tetraplegia, 53.4% complete SCI) were assessed. Prevalence of over-nutrition was high (BMI centile ⩾91st, 41.1%; ⩾98th, 25.5%). Under-nutrition risk was 47.1% (STAMP ⩾2). Only 60% of these ‘at risk’ patients were referred for further nutritional assessment. Associated phenomena included previous intensive care (55.6 versus 20.8%, P<0.05), mechanical ventilation (58.3 versus 18.2%, P<0.01) and past need for artificial nutrition support (75 versus 12.8%, P<0.01).Conclusions:Both over- and under-nutrition appear common in children with SCI. Our data indicate, furthermore, that children at nutritional risk are under-managed. Future research is needed to complete the validation of the screening tools and to determine how effective intervention can be ensured.

An audit to assess awareness and knowledge of nutrition in a UK spinal cord injuries centre

Study design:A single centre survey.Objectives:To test: (i) awareness of nutrition screening tools and related care plans and; (ii) nutrition knowledge of doctors, nurses and dietitians working in spinal cord injuries (SCI) centres.Methods:The 14-item questionnaire was sent to 102 nurses, 17 doctors and 15 dietitians working in UK SCI centres during January–March 2010.Results:Sixty-two (46.5%) questionnaires were completed and returned for analysis. The present audit demonstrated that awareness of the need for nutritional screening is good: 83% of staff reported that they are aware there is a nutrition screening tool. This audit also demonstrated areas of poor knowledge, such as calorie content of intravenous fluids, indicators of malnutrition, and choice of nutritional support in malnourished patients. All doctors, but only 38% of nurses, knew how to calculate body mass index. Surprisingly, nearly half (49%) of the participants thought that at least 20% weight loss was required to indicate malnutrition. This high-perceived cut-off point suggests that malnutrition is likely to continue to be undetected and unmanaged. The overall scores (median) showed clear differences in nutritional knowledge between groups (median: dietitians 92.8%; doctors 53.5%; nurses 35.7; P<0.01). This suggests that dietitians could have an important role in training healthcare professionals about nutrition.Conclusion:This study highlights the need for further education in SCI medicine in order to improve the efficacy of feeding and nutrition therapy for SCI patients.

Meal provision in a UK National Spinal Injury Centre: a qualitative audit of service users and stakeholders

Study design:A single centre survey.Objectives:The objective of this study is to (1) assess patients’ food intake and (2) measure satisfaction with current food provision, as judged by patients and by stakeholders (medical and nursing staff, managers and catering staff).Methods:Standardised questionnaires were used to record food intake over a 24-h period, and to evaluate the quality, ordering, delivery and overall acceptability of food provided.Results:The food intake of 67 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) was recorded (64% response rate) and 166 evaluations (50% response rate) were returned. Twenty-nine patients (48%) consumed three full meals a day, 17 (26%) received oral nutritional supplements, 22 (34%) received vitamin/mineral supplements, and 23 (35%) required assistance to eat. Some patients and stakeholders expressed satisfaction with the current food provision: taste good: 25 versus 17% (for patients and stakeholders, respectively); appropriate texture: 22 versus 21%; appropriate temperature: 55 versus 72% (P=0.002); well presented: 43 versus 28%; good choice: 49 versus 59%; received meal ordered: 65 versus 37% (P<0.001); meal served on time: 71 versus 58%; and no interruption during mealtimes: 62 versus 46%. Principal component analyses of item scores identified three main factors (food quality, food presentation and food delivery (logistics).Conclusion:The present study identified some areas where there appeared to have been improvement in SCI hospital catering, but with much still to be achieved. Hospital-catering systems should be tailored to meet the demands of the different patient groups to optimise nutritional intake. Periodic quality control is essential to meet recommendations and patients’ expectations.

Who uses foodbanks and why? Exploring the impact of financial strain and adverse life events on food insecurity

BackgroundnRising use of foodbanks highlights food insecurity in the UK. Adverse life events (e.g. unemployment, benefit delays or sanctions) and financial strains are thought to be the drivers of foodbank use. This research aimed to explore who uses foodbanks, and factors associated with increased food insecurity.nnnMethodsnWe surveyed those seeking help from front line crisis providers from foodbanks (N = 270) and a comparison group from Advice Centres (ACs) (N = 245) in relation to demographics, adverse life events, financial strain and household food security.nnnResultsnAbout 55.9% of foodbank users were women and the majority were in receipt of benefits (64.8%). Benefit delays (31.9%), changes (11.1%) and low income (19.6%) were the most common reasons given for referral. Compared to AC users, there were more foodbank users who were single men without children, unemployed, currently homeless, experiencing more financial strain and adverse life events (P = 0.001). Food insecurity was high in both populations, and more severe if they also reported financial strain and adverse life events.nnnConclusionsnBenefit-related problems appear to be a key reason for foodbank referral. By comparison with other disadvantaged groups, foodbank users experienced more financial strain, adverse life events, both increased the severity of food insecurity.

PTU-064 Inflammatory bowel disease and fatigue: the effect of physical activity and/or omega 3 supplementation

Introduction Fatigue is frequently reported by patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), despite disease remission. However, no previous intervention trial has studied this symptom. We tested the effects on fatigue in IBD patients from (i) individual advice to increase physical activity (PA) and/or (ii) supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids. Method Design:a randomised controlled 2 × 2 factorial study compared change-from-baseline scores in intervention and control groups. Primary outcome: change in FACIT-F (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Fatigue) score; main secondary outcomes: change in fatigue survey scores including IBD-fatigue (IBD-F); PA by monitors (Actigraph, Pensacola, US); adverse effects. Eligibility: IBD remission; ≤2 portions oily fish/week; ≤ 60 min moderate-vigorous PA/week; no comorbidities causing fatigue; no depression. Interventions: exercise advice (15 min consultation) and fish oil supplement (2.97 g per day omega-3, “Take Omega 3”©, Edinburgh, UK); Controls: dietary consultation and placebo supplement. All patients received follow-up support (email, telephone). Results Over 640 IBD outpatients were screened: 74 of those eligible consented to inclusion and randomisation, 60 commenced the intervention, and 52 completed the study according to protocol. At baseline the four groups did not differ significantly (gender, age, disease location or past IBD activity, level of PA, or FACIT-F score). The only effect on fatigue from the primary outcome – significant deterioration in FACIT-F score (95% CI:-8.6-(-0.7); p = 0.02) – was with omega-3 supplement. Fatigue was however significantly reduced in the exercise groups, measured by IBD-F score (95% CI:-3.8-(-0.2); p = 0.03). There were no significant interactions between effects of exercise and fish oil on fatigue, or consistent trends in fatigue or PA levels across the various measures between the four groups. Only 1 treatment-related adverse event was reported (in exercise group), suggesting that neither exercise nor fish oil were associated with likelihood of occurrence of an adverse effect, including gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion The apparent worsening of fatigue with fish oil is unexplained. Exercise and fish oil, singly or in combination, were shown to be safe and generally well-tolerated in IBD patients. There was no evidence of adverse exercise-related effects on gut-related symptoms, and some evidence of improvement in fatigue. Hence, regular moderate-vigorous exercise may provide self-management options in IBD-related fatigue. Disclosure of interest A. McNelly Grant/ Research Support from: Big Lottery Fund in collaboration with Crohn’s and Colitis UK, I. Nathan Grant/ Research Support from: Big Lottery Fund in collaboration with Crohn’s and Colitis UK, Speaker Bureau of: Dr Falk Pharma UK, M. Monte: None Declared, G. Grimble: None Declared, C. Norton Grant/ Research Support from: National Lottery in collaboration with Crohn’s and Colitis UK, Speaker Bureau of: Ferring; Shire, F. Bredin: None Declared, W. Czuber-Dochan Grant/ Research Support from: Big Lottery Fund in collaboration with Crohn’s and Colitis UK, Speaker Bureau of: Dr Falk Pharma UK; Ferring, S. Berliner Consultant for: Crohn’s and Colitis UK, M. Gay Consultant for: Crohn’s and Colitis UK, M. Darvell Employee of: Crohn’s and Colitis UK, H. Terry Employee of: Crohn’s and Colitis UK, A. Forbes Grant/ Research Support from: Big Lottery Fund in collaboration with Crohn’s and Colitis UK, Speaker Bureau of: Dr Falk Pharma UK; Warner-Chilcott; NPS.