G. John Ikenberry

Triangulating peace : democracy, interdependence, and international organizations

Triangulating Peace tackles todays most provocative hypothesis in the field of international relations: the democratic peace proposition. Drawing on ideas originally put forth by Immanuel Kant, the authors argue that democracy, economic interdependence, and international mediation can successfully cooperate to significantly reduce the chances of war.

The power of human rights : international norms and domestic change

List of contributors Preface 1. The socialization of international human rights norms into domestic practices: introduction Thomas Risse and Kathryn Sikkink 2. Transnational activism and political change in Kenya and Uganda Hans Peter Schmitz 3. The long and winding road: international norms and domestic political change in South Africa David Black 4. Changing discourse: transnational advocacy networks in Tunisia and Morocco Sieglinde Granzer 5. Linking the unlinkable? International norms and nationalism in Indonesia and the Philippines Anja Jetschke 6. International norms and domestic politics in Chile and Guatemala Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink 7. The Helsinki accords and political change in Eastern Europe Daniel C. Thomas 8. International human rights norms and domestic change: conclusions Thomas Risse and Stephen C. Ropp List of references Index.

Committing to peace : the successful settlement of civil wars

List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Acknowledgments xiii PART ONE: THEORY 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Theory and Hypotheses 19 PART TWO: DATA AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 45 3. Measuring the Variables 47 4. Quantitative Tests 70 5. A Closer Look at the Findings 92 PART THREE: CASE STUDIES 109 6. Negotiating for Security Guarantees: The Civil War in Zimbabwe 113 7. The Breakdown of Rwandas Peace Process 143 8. Explaining the Resolution of Civil Wars 160 Appendix 1 169 Appendix 2 171 Bibliography 177 Index 193

Governance in a globalizing world

An exploration of the impact of governance on culture, economics, security and the environment in a globalized world. The book aims to answer three questions: how are patterns of globalization currently evolving?; how do these patterns affect governance?; and how might globalism itself be governed?

Socialization and hegemonic power

Hegemons exercise power in the international system not only by manipulating material incentives but also by altering the substantive beliefs of elites in other nations. Socialization—the process through which leaders in these secondary states embrace a set of normative ideals articulated by the hegemon—plays an important role both in establishing an international order and in facilitating the functioning of that order. This article develops the notion of socialization in the international system and examines three hypotheses about the conditions under which it occurs and can function effectively as a source of power. The first hypothesis is that socialization occurs primarily after wars and political crises, periods marked by international turmoil and restructuring as well as by the fragmentation of ruling coalitions and legitimacy crises at the domestic level. The second is that elite (as opposed to mass) receptivity to the norms articulated by the hegemon is essential to the socialization process. The third hypothesis is that when socialization does occur, it comes about primarily in the wake of the coercive exercise of power. Material inducement triggers the socialization process, but socialization nevertheless leads to outcomes that are not explicable simply in terms of the manipulation of material incentives. These hypotheses are explored in the historical case studies of U.S. diplomacy after World Wars I and II and the British colonial experience in India and Egypt.

America's Imperial Ambition

IN THE SHADOWS of the Bush administrations war on terrorism, sweeping new ideas are circulating about U.S. grand strategy and the restructuring oftodays unipolar world. They call for American unilateral and preemptive, even preventive, use of force, facilitated if possible by coalitions of the willing-but ultimately unconstrained by the rules and norms ofthe international community. At the extreme, these notions form a neoimperial vision in which the United States arrogates to itself the global role of setting standards, determining threats, using force, and meting out justice. It is a vision in which sovereignty becomes more absolute for America even as it becomes more conditional for countries that challenge Washingtons standards of internal and external behavior. It is a vision made necessary-at least in the eyes of its advocates-by the new and apocalyptic character of contemporary terrorist threats and by Americas unprecedented global dominance. These radical strategic ideas and impulses could transform todays world order in a way that the end of the Cold War, strangely enough, did not. The exigencies of fighting terrorism in Afghanistan and the debate over intervening in Iraq obscure the profundity of this geopolitical challenge. Blueprints have not been produced, and Yalta-style summits have not been convened, but actions are afoot to dramatically alter the political order that the United States has built with its partners since the 1940s. The twin new realities of our age-catastrophic terrorism

Globalization and human rights

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction: Transnational Threats and Opportunities Alison Brysk I. Citizenship 1. Who Has a Right to Rights? Citizenships Exclusions in an Age of Migration Kristen Hill Maher 2. Tourism, Sex Work, and Womens Rights in the Dominican Republic Amalia Lucia Cabezas II. Commodification 3. Interpreting the Interaction of Global Markets and Human Rights Richard Falk 4. Economic Globalization and Rights: An Empirical Analysis Wesley T. Milner 5. Sweatshops and International Labor Standards: Globalizing Markets, Localizing Norms Raul Pangalangan III. Communication 6. The Ironies of Information Technology Shane Weyker 7. Globalization and the Social Construction of Human Rights Campaigns Clifford Bob 8. The Drama of Human Rights in a Turbulent, Globalized World James Rosenau IV. Cooperation 9. Transnational Civil Society and the World Bank Inspection Panel Jonathan Fox 10. Humanitarian Intervention: Global Enforcement of Human Rights? Wayne Sandholtz 11. Human Rights, Globalizing Flows, and State Power Jack Donnelly Conclusion: From Rights to Realities Alison Brysk Works Cited Contributors Index

Toward a Realist Theory of State Action

The realities of interdependence dictate that the ability of governments to pursue domestic policies effectively is influenced and constrained by developments in the international system. It is equally evident that the realization of international objectives depends meaningfully on domestic politics and economics. Our purpose in this paper is to lay the foundation for a Realist theory of state action which bridges domestic and international politics. We proceed by positing assumptions about state objectives and deducing strategies relevant to their pursuit. First, we examine conceptions of the state found in classical and structural Realism. Second, we present two models or “faces” of state action which relate the goals of state officials in one arena to the strategies available in the pursuit of such goals in the other. Third, building upon these two models, we put forth several hypotheses which explore the types of challenges to the state that arise in one arena that may trigger responses in the second. Fourth, we introduce variations in domestic and international structures and predict the choice of strategy made by the states across venues. Finally, a concluding section examines the implications of this effort for future Realist inquiry and the study of domestic and international politics.

Conclusion: an institutional approach to American foreign economic policy

It may well be that PoincarA©s observation is correct, that natural scientists discuss their results and social scientists their methods. if so, it is because our guides to social reality are so frail. Approaches to political investigation are difficult to separate from the substantive puzzles that drive inquiry and the results that follow. In collective enterprises, such as this volume, the problem of approach or method becomes all the more central. We are left with no choice but to reflect on the tools that we use as well as the social reality that they promise to reveal.

A world economy restored: expert consensus and the Anglo-American postwar settlement

Although British and U.S. officials held markedly different views during the initial negotiations for a postwar economic order, they were able to reach watershed trade and monetary agreements that set the terms for the reestablishment of an open world economy. How does one explain this Anglo-American settlement reached at Bretton Woods in 1944? Structural explanations, based on underlying configurations of power and interests, are helpful but leave important issues unresolved. Given the range of postwar economic “orders†that were possible and potentially consistent with underlying structures and also given the divergent and conflicting views both within and between the two governments, why did the economic order take the particular shape it took? This article argues that agreement was fostered by a community of British and American economists and policy specialists who embraced a set of policy ideas inspired by Keynesianism and who played a critical role in defining government conceptions of postwar interests, shaping the negotiating agenda (for example, shifting the focus of negotiations from trade issues, which were highly contentious, to monetary issues, about which there was an emerging “middle ground†created by Keynesian ideas), and building coalitions in support of the postwar settlement.