G. Krishnamoorthy

Critical Evaluation of the Two-State Model Describing the Equilibrium Unfolding of the PI3K SH3 Domain by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

It appears that equilibrium unfolding transitions of many small proteins can be described as two-state transitions, because the probes commonly used to measure such transitions cannot detect the underlying heterogeneity inherent in protein folding and unfolding reactions. Time-resolved fluorescence or Forster resonance energy transfer (TRFRET) measurements have the potential to uncover such heterogeneity and to test the cooperativity of protein folding reactions. Here, TRFRET measurements have been used to study the equilibrium unfolding of the SH3 domain of PI3 kinase. The single tryptophan residue (W53) was used as the FRET donor, and a covalently attached thionitrobenzoate moiety at either of two sites (C17 and C70) was used as the FRET acceptor. The individual lifetime and amplitude components estimated from fitting the fluorescence decay kinetics to the sum of three or four exponentials were determined over a range of denaturant concentrations. The equilibrium unfolding transitions reported by these components were found to be noncoincident, suggesting the presence of multiple conformations in equilibrium during the course of unfolding. Fluorescence lifetime distributions were also generated by the model-free maximum entropy method of analysis. Different segments of the protein were found to show differences in the expansion of the native state at low denaturant concentrations, suggestive of gradual structural transitions. The unfolded protein was found to swell at increasingly high denaturant concentrations. The evolution of the fluorescence lifetime distributions with increasing denaturant concentration was also found to be incompatible with a two-state equilibrium unfolding model.

Reduced Fluorescence Lifetime Heterogeneity of 5-Fluorotryptophan in Comparison to Tryptophan in Proteins: Implication for Resonance Energy Transfer Experiments

Tryptophan (Trp), an intrinsically fluorescent residue of proteins, has been used widely as an energy donor in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments aimed at measuring intramolecular distances and distance distributions in protein folding-unfolding reactions. However, the high level of heterogeneity associated with the fluorescence lifetime of tryptophan, even in single-tryptophan proteins, imposes restrictions on its use as the energy donor. A search for a tryptophan analogue having reduced lifetime heterogeneity when compared to tryptophan led us to 5-fluorotryptophan (5F-Trp). A single tryptophan-containing mutant form of barstar, a small 89-residue bacterial protein, has multiple lifetime components in its various structural forms including the unfolded state, similar to observations made with several other proteins. Biosynthetic incorporation of 5F-Trp in place of Trp in the mutant barstar resulted in a significant decrease in the level of heterogeneity of fluorescence decay when compared to Trp-barstar, in the native state as well as in the denatured state. Importantly, observation of a major decay component of more than 80% in both the states makes 5F-Trp a significantly better candidate for being the energy donor in FRET experiments, as compared to Trp. This is expected to enable an unambiguous estimation of intramolecular distance distributions during protein folding and unfolding. The sequence insensitivity of the fluorescence decay kinetics of 5F-Trp in proteins was demonstrated by observing the decay kinetics of 5F-Trp incorporated in several synthetic peptides.

Site-specific fluorescence dynamics of α-synuclein fibrils using time-resolved fluorescence studies: effect of familial Parkinson's disease-associated mutations.

α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation is directly implicated in both the initiation and spreading of Parkinsons Diseases (PD) pathogenesis. Although the familial PD-associated mutations (A53T, E46K, and A30P) are known to affect the aggregation kinetics of α-Syn in vitro, their structural differences in resultant fibrils are largely unknown. In this report we studied the site-specific dynamics of wild type (wt) α-Syn and its three PD mutant fibrils using time-resolved fluorescence intensity, anisotropy decay kinetics, and fluorescence quenching. Our data suggest that the N- and C-terminus are more flexible and exposed compared to the middle non-amyloid-β component (NAC) region of wt and PD mutant α-Syn fibrils. Yet the N-terminus showed great conformational heterogeneity compared to the C-terminus for all these proteins. 71 position of E46K showed more flexibility and solvent exposure compared to other α-Syns, whereas both E46K and A53T fibrils possess a more rigid C-terminus compared to wt and A30P. The present data suggest that wt and PD mutant fibrils possess large differences in flexibility and solvent exposure at different positions, which may contribute to their different pathogenicity in PD.

Molecular crowding causes narrowing of population heterogeneity and restricts internal dynamics in a protein

Macromolecular crowding is a distinguishing property of intracellular media. Knowledge on the structure and dynamics of a protein in a crowded environment is essential for a complete understanding of its function. Reduction in intermolecular space could cause structural and functional alterations. Here, we have studied a model protein barstar to see how polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced crowding affects its various structural states (native, unfolded and molten-globule-like) with different extents of change in conformational heterogeneity. Intramolecular distances and distance distributions were determined by time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer from Trp53 to several acceptor sites by analysis of fluorescence decay kinetics using the Maximum Entropy Method. We observed PEG-induced narrowing of population distributions along with shifting of populations towards more compact states. Structural compactness also resulted in the slowing down of internal dynamics of the protein as revealed by fluorescence anisotropy decay kinetics of the fluorophore IAEDANS attached at several sites.

Site-Specific Fluorescence Dynamics To Probe Polar Arrest by Fob1 in Replication Fork Barrier Sequences

Fob1 protein plays an important role in aging and maintains genomic stability by avoiding clashes between the replication and transcription machinery. It facilitates polar arrest by binding to replication fork barrier (RFB) sites, present within the nontranscribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA. Here, we investigate the mechanism of unidirectional arrest by creating multiple prosthetic forks within the RFB, with fluorescent adenine analogue 2-aminopurine incorporated site-specifically in both the “permissible” and “nonpermissible” directions. The motional dynamics of the RFB-Fob1 complexes analyzed by fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence anisotropy decay kinetics shows that Fob1 adopts a clamp-lock model of arrest and causes stronger perturbation with the bases in the double-stranded region of the nonpermissible-directed forks over those of the permissible directed ones, thereby creating a polar barrier. Corroborative thermal melting studies reveal a skewed distribution of GC content within the RFB sequence that potentially assists in Fob1-mediated arrest.

Site-specific structural dynamics of alpha-Synuclein revealed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy: a review

Aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) into amyloid fibrils is known to be associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease (PD). Several missense mutations of the α-Syn gene have been associated with rare, early onset familial forms of PD. Despite several studies done so far, the local/residue-level structure and dynamics of α-Syn in its soluble and aggregated fibril form and how these are affected by the familial PD associated mutations are still not clearly understood. Here, we review studies performed by our group as well as other research groups, where time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to understand the site-specific structure and dynamics of α-Syn under physiological conditions as well as under conditions that alter the aggregation properties of the protein such as low pH, high temperature, presence of membrane mimics and familial PD associated mutations. These studies have provided important insights into the critical structural properties of α-Syn that may govern its aggregation. The review also highlights time-resolved fluorescence as a promising tool to study the critical conformational transitions associated with early oligomerization of α-Syn, which are otherwise not accessible using other commonly used techniques such as thioflavin T (ThT) binding assay.

Structural plasticity of CENP-A regulated by H4 influences cellular levels and kinetochore assembly

The Histone variant CENP-ACse4 is a core component of the specialized nucleosome at the centromere in budding yeast. The level of Cse4 in cells is tightly regulated, primarily by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. However, the structural transitions in Cse4 that regulate centromere localization and interaction with regulatory components are poorly understood. Using time resolved fluorescence, NMR and molecular dynamics we show for the first time that soluble Cse4 can exist in a ‘closed’ conformation, inaccessible to various regulatory components. We further determined that binding of its obligate partner H4, alters the inter-domain interaction within Cse4, ensuring an ‘open’ state that will lend itself to proteolysis. This dynamic model allows kinetochore formation only in presence of H4, as the N-terminus, which is required for interaction with centromeric components will be unavailable in absence of H4. The specific requirement of H4 binding for the conformational regulation of Cse4 suggests a unique structure-based regulatory mechanism for Cse4 localization and prevention of premature kinetochore assembly.