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Archive | 1972

Zustände und Reaktionen des Carbanions bei der anionischen Polymerisation des Styrols

L. L. Böhm; M. Chmeliř; G. Löhr; B. J. Schmitt; G. V. Schulz

I. Einleitung: Die 3 Formen der aktiven Endgruppe . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Experimentelle Methoden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. Versuchstechnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Auswertung der MeBdaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. Messung der elektrischen Leitf~ihigkeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . t t III. Nebenreaktionen der Initiatorsysteme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 IV. Die Gleichgewichte zwischen den 3 Formen der aktiven Endgruppe und die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Monomeraddition . . . . . . . 24 1. Ergebnisse der Messungen der elektrischen Leitf~ihigkeit . . . . . 24 2. Ergebnisse der kinetischen Messungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 V. Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Oberg~inge zwischen den 3 Formen der aktiven Endgruppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 VI. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 VII. Literatur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43


European Polymer Journal | 1970

Lichtstreuung von hochmolekularen lösungen in abhängigkeit von temperatur und druck

M.D. Lechner; G. V. Schulz

Zusammenfassung Der 2. Virialkoeffizient des osmotischen Druckes und der Tragheitsradius von Polystyrol in Trans -Dekalin, Cyclohexan, Toluol und Chloroform wurde durch Lichtstreuungsmessungen unter Drucken bis 750 Atm und bei Temperaturen zwischen 15° und 50° gemessen. Wir erhielten die folgenden Resultate: 1. (1) Alle untersuchten Losungsmittel werden mit steigendem Druck thermodynamisch schlechter, d.h. der θ-Punkt steigt und alle vermessenen Systeme werden endothermischer. Der statistische Parameter β 0 / M 0 2 steigt betrachtlich mit steigendem Druck. 2. (2) Der Tragheitsradius, gemessen an den Systemen Polystyrol- Trans -Dekalin und Polystyrol-Toluol, fallt im Temperaturbereich 15°–40° fur beide Systeme kontinuierlich mit steigendem Druck. 3. (3) Die Theorie des ausgeschlossenen Volumens laβt sich auf Druckeffekte in hochpolymeren Losungen anwenden. Die ungestorten Dimensionen nehmen mit steigendem Druck ab.


European Polymer Journal | 1984

On the termination reaction in the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate in polar solvents—I. Kinetic studies

F.J. Gerner; H. Höcker; Axel H. E. Müller; G. V. Schulz

Abstract The kinetics of the termination reaction in the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate, using monofunctional initiators with sodium as the counterion in the presence of excess NaB(C6H5)4 have been studied. For monitoring the living-end concentration, a labelling technique was used. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and tetrahydropyran (THP) were used as solvents. The rate constants for the propagation reaction in THF are smaller than those in THP by a factor of two. The kinetic investigation of the termination shows that only a fraction of chains becomes terminated. This fraction, as well as the rate of termination, is dependent on the initial monomer concentration. None of the reaction mechanisms discussed in the literature (i.e. termination by ester groups of the polymer or of the monomer) is able to explain these results. A new mechanism for the termination is proposed and verified; it is based on the assumption that a deactivating species is formed in the initial step of the polymerization. This species reacts with the living polymers during polymerization, leading to termination in a second-order reaction. The Arrhenius plot of the termination rate constant is linear (activation energy Eu = 48 kJ/mol; frequency exponent A = 13) in both solvents. The initial concentration of the deactivating species shows a linear dependence on the initial concentration of both the monomer and the living ends.


European Polymer Journal | 1975

The influence of polar solvents on ions and ion pairs in the anionic polymerization of styrene

B.J. Schmitt; G. V. Schulz

Abstract In the rather polar organic solvents dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran and 3-methyltetrahydrofuran, the behaviour of contact ion pairs, solvent-separated ion pairs and free carbanions of polystyryl sodium has been investigated by kinetic and conductivity measurements. Both the equilibrium between the two kinds of ion pairs and the dissociation of solvent-separated ion pairs to free anions are followed over a wide range of temperature. Thereby, conditions can be found under which the polymerization takes place almost exclusively via one of the two types of ion pairs. The thermodynamic parameters of the equilibria and the Arrhenius parameters of the propagation rate constants of the different kinds of propagating chain ends are reported. The equilibria between these species are strongly influenced by the solvent whereas the individual propagation rate constants are scarcely affected by the solvent. The “effective charge distance” in the solvent-separated ion pair can be estimated from the corresponding dissociation constant. The mobility of the polymer carbanion is discussed.


European Polymer Journal | 1977

The anionic polymerisation of styrene in dimethoxyethane with cumylcesium as an initiator

M. Bunge; G. Löhr; H. Höcker; G. V. Schulz

Abstract The kinetics of the anionic polymerisation of styrene in dimethoxyethane initiated by cumylcesium have been investigated in a temperature range between +25° and −55° in the presence of a common ion salt. The temperature dependence of the ion pair rate constant k p(±) indicates the presence of a kinetically relevant fraction of solvent-separated ion pairs.


European Polymer Journal | 1975

The anionic polymerization of styrene in hexamethylphosphortriamide (HMPA) with sodium as gegenion

L.L. Böhm; G. V. Schulz

Abstract The anionic polymerization of styrene with sodium as gegenion was investigated in hexamethylphosphortriamide by the flow technique. The polymerization process corresponds to that observed in other polar solvents with the difference that in this solvent polystyrylsodium prevailingly exists as solvent-separated ion pairs and its free ions. Therefore the rate constants of these species can be directly determined and are found to be practically identical to those found in other ethereal solvents. The dissociation constant of polystyrylsodium is approximately 10 −2 mole/l.


European Polymer Journal | 1979

Die knäueldimensionen von polystyrol in verschiedenen lösungsmitteln unter hohen drucken

G. L. Hammel; G. V. Schulz; M.D. Lechner

Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Knaueldimensionen von Polystyrol-Losungen in verschiedenen Losungsmitteln im Temperaturbereich 20–90° und unter Drucken bis 2000 bar mit Hilfe von Streulichtmessungen untersucht. Die Messungen wurden bei konstantem Streuwinkel in einem weiten Bereich des Streuparameters μ = (sin2 θ/2)/λ2. mit Wellenlangen von 254 bis 827 nm vorgenommen. Die Messungen ergaben, das der Tragheitsradius von Polystyrol in allen Systemen mit steigendem Druck abnimmt. Die Abnahme des Tragheitsradius mit steigendem Druck wird mit steigender Entfernung des Systems von der Theta-Temperatur geringer. Die Theta-Temperatur steigt mit wachsendem Druck an, wahrend der Tragheitsradius bei der Theta-Temperatur r 0 (im Gegensatz zu fruheren Annahmen [1]) einen leichten Anstieg von 5%, der indessen nahe an der Fehlergrenze liegt, aufweist. Alle Theorien des ausgeschlossenen Volumens beschreiben qualitativ zutreffend das Verhalten der Knaueldimensionen von Polymeren in Losung; die experimentellen Befunde werden quantitativ am besten durch die Theorien von Yamakawa-Tanaka und von Ptytsin wiedergegeben. Zerlegt man das ausgeschlossene Volumen eines Segments der Polymerkette in einen temperaturabhangigen und einen temperaturunabhangigen Teil, so ergeben die Messungen eine Zunahme des temperaturunabhangigen Teils des ausgeschlossenen Volumens mit steigendem Druck. Die Flexibilitat der Polymerkette von Polystyrollosungen nimmt mit steigendem Druck zu, wahrend die Reichweite der Wechselwirkungskrafte abnimmt.


European Polymer Journal | 1983

Lower critical solution temperatures of poly(decyl methacrylate) in hydrocarbons

Eugeniusz Maderek; G. V. Schulz; B. A. Wolf

Abstract The high temperature demixing of solutions of poly(decyl methacrylate) (PDMA) was measured as a function of pressure for the following solvents: n-pentane, cyclo-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, iso-octane and toluene. In all cases the application of pressure increases the miscibility in the order of 0.4–1.0 K/bar. The lower critical solution temperatures extrapolated to atmospheric conditions range from 155 (n-pentane) to 261°C (toluene); no phase separation could be observed with the base oil AF I of Schindler up to 370°C. Noticeable thermal degradation of the polymer sets in when the solutions are heated above ca. 300°C.


European Polymer Journal | 1973

A system-independent correlation between the enthalpy and the entropy of dilution for polymer solutions

M.D. Lechner; G. V. Schulz

Abstract The second osmotic virial coefficient (A2) and its entropic and enthalpic parts (A2,s and A2,H) have been determined, by means of light-scattering measurements, for solutions of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate and cellulose nitrate of different molecular weights in 19 solvents. A distinct qualitative correlation exists between A2 and A2,H and between A2,s and A2,H. The elimination of the “geometric” parameters of the polymer, by dividing these coefficients by suitably chosen reduction parameters, shows that the reduced coefficients obtained A20 and A2,s0 are predominantly functions of the reduced enthalpy coefficient A2,H0.


Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics | 1978

Kinetic studies of the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate in tetrahydrofuran with Na+ as counter ion, using monofunctional initiators

V. Warzelhan; Hartwig Höcker; G. V. Schulz

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