Gabriel Berenhauser Leite

Phenology of wild apple species like pollinators of gala and fuji cultivars

ABSTRACT - The correct choice of pollinator cultivars is an important management factor for obtaining high productivity in appletrees. Many apple production regions in the world adopt wild apple species with the specific purpose of pollination. However, thereis little information about the use of this species in the climatic conditions of South Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluatethe phenological behaviour of thirteen wild apple species in relation to the fowering compared to Gala and Fuji cultivars, during sevenyears (2001-2007). All species and apple cultivars studied were conduced on M-9 rootstock. The wild apple species showed highvariability at flowering and length throughout the years. The major overlap of the flowering period and major regularity throughoutthe years was obtained between Gala and Fuji cultivars. ‘Prof. Spengler’, ‘Profusion’, ‘Winter gold’ and ‘John Downil’ are the wildapple species with the greater potential of use like pollinators, which can be used like a pollination suplement of Gala and Fujicultivars. The species

Eficácia do tratamento de avg no controle da queda e maturação dos frutos de maçã, cultivar imperial gala

ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rates and time of AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) applicationon pre-harvest fruit drop control, ripening delay, and quality of Imperial Gala apple fruit. It was tested 4 application times (45, 30, 15 and7 days before the predicted harvest date for the control plot - DBPH), and 4 AVG rates (0, 90, 124, and 62 + 62 g.ha -1 ), during the growingseasons 2003 and 2004. The starch degradation, the loss of firmness, the increase of soluble solids content (SSC), and the deve lopmentof fruit color were slower on AVG treated than on untreated fruit. As expected, AVG delayed the commercial harvest date by 7 to 16days, and the pre-harvest fruit drop up to 30 days. The ripening delay by AVG depended on rate and time of application. AVG app liedcloser to the predicted commercial harvest time (7 DBPH), was more effective on preventing pre-harvest fruit drop and on delayingfruit softening than earlier applications (30 or 45 DBPH). AVG applied at the rates of 90 and 124 g.ha

Fenologia, brotação de gemas e produção de frutos de macieira em resposta à aplicação de cianamida hidrogenada e óleo mineral

ABSTRACT PHENOLOGY, BUDBREAK AND APPLE FRUIT PRODUCTION BY HYDROGEN CYANAMIDEAND MINERAL OIL APPLICATION The budbreak promoters application is one of main management strategies used to decrease theproblems of insufficient winter chilling on temperate fruit trees. Because the influence of budbreakpromoters on productive behaviour of plants, detecting this effects along of productive season becameimportant. Thus, this study was carried out during 2007/2008 season, in Cacador, Santa Catarina State,Brazil, aiming to evaluate different hydrogen cyanamide and mineral oil combinations on phenology,budbreak and apple fruit production. The experimental design was a randomized block, with sixreplications, in factorial arrangement (5x2), with five budbreak promoter treatments (1. control; 2. mineraloil 3.2%; 3. mineral oil 3.2% + hydrogen cyanamide 0.20%; 4. mineral oil 3.2% + hydrogen cyanamide0.39%; 5. mineral oil 3.2% + hydrogen cyanamide 0.59%) and two cultivars (Imperial Gala and Suprema´sFuji). The budbreak promoters application anticipated and reduced the blooming period, increasing theblooming overlap between Imperial Gala and Suprema´s Fuji cultivars. The budbreak promoters equalizedand increased the budbreak in axillary and terminal buds, with the major budbreak level observed inImperial Gala cultivar with 0.44% of hydrogen cyanamide and 3.2% of mineral oil treatment. The increaseof hydrogen cyanamide concentration showed the tendency to decrease the fruit set. It was observeddifferent treatment responses on production and mean fruit weight, probably to be related to fruitproduction predominance in different frutification structures.

Exploring bud dormancy completion with a combined architectural and phenological analysis: The case of apple trees in contrasting winter temperature conditions

PREMISE OF THE STUDY The branching pattern and phenology of trees result from interactions between the trees genetic constitution and environmental conditions. Temperature strongly affects the duration of bud dormancy and further shoot growth. Our hypothesis was that shoot architecture is strongly affected by winter temperatures determining both the position and budburst of vegetative laterals with a lower effect on their outgrowth. METHODS The study was conducted on four apple cultivars characterized by various chilling requirements and grown in two contrasting winter temperature conditions. A two-step approach was designed to quantify at the shoot scale first the branching pattern and second two phenological stages of vegetative laterals, budburst and outgrowth. A categorical variable, the branching zone, was built to summarize the lateral position along the shoot. It was integrated into the phenological analysis as a factor together with the cultivar and the winter temperature. KEY RESULTS Temperature had a main effect on the distribution of vegetative laterals along the shoot. It also strongly affected budburst, which was also affected by the cultivar and the branching zone. The outgrowth of the lateral was not significantly affected by temperature but was significantly affected by the cultivar and the branching zone. Furthermore, the delayed senescence and subsequent leaf persistence during winter, characterizing the apple tree in the mild winter temperature condition, had only a weak effect on the distribution of vegetative laterals and on budburst and lateral outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS The actual shoot architecture and budburst result from an ordered sequence of events with a pivotal role of winter temperatures on the dormancy completion of individual lateral buds. Endogenous factors related to the cultivar branching pattern overtake the temperature effect on the lateral outgrowth.

Apple Phenology in Subtropical Climate Conditions

There are two phases that characterize the annual cycle of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.): hibernal period (dormancy) and shoot growth. Temperature is the main factor related to dormancy, specifically low temperatures. The evolution of the apple phenological stages during the vegetative phase: induction and flower differentiation, budbreak, full bloom, fruit development and maturation, and yield and production quality, may be visually detected and are affected by climate conditions, mainly by temperature.

Efeito de substratos porosos no enraizamento in vitro do porta-enxerto de macieira M-9 (Malus pumilla)

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de substratos no enraizamento in vitro do porta-enxerto de macieira M-9. Foram testados tres substratos: agar, vermiculita (no 2, granulometria media) e cinza vegetal, como suporte fisico no enraizamento das miniestacas. Para os tratamento com vermiculita e cinza vegetal, meio nutritivo MS, reduzido a metade da concentracao, foi adicionado em frascos de vidro de 250 mL contendo 15 g dos respectivos substratos. Brotacoes de 2,5 a 3,0 cm de comprimento, com dois pares de folhas, foram transferidas para os frascos, os quais foram mantidos durante 35 dias em sala de crescimento com temperatura de 25 ±1,5oC, fotoperiodo de 16 horas e intensidade luminosa de 75 µmol.m-2.s-1. As maiores percentagens de enraizamento (88,4 e 87,9%) foram observadas nos tratamentos com vermiculita e cinza vegetal, respectivamente. Apos a avaliacao do enraizamento, as plantas foram transferidas para bandejas de isopor alveoladas com 128 celulas e mantidas por 40 dias em casa de vegetacao. A maior taxa de sobrevivencia de plantas aclimatizadas (93,5%) foi obtida com as miniestacas produzidas em meio contendo vermiculita.

Raleio químico em macieiras 'Fuji suprema' e 'Lisgala'

ABSTRACT – The chemical thinning is a viable alternative in apple orchards, because it may be done in a short period of time, reducing the labor in relation to hand thinning. Studies carried out in major apple producing regions show the benefits of using 6-benzyladenine (BA) in chemical thinning. The studies with this substance are essential for improvement of chemical thinning and subsequent use by apple producers in Brazil. In this sense, four experiments were carried out to evaluate the BA application response, alone or in mixture with carbaryl and Promalin®, at different times and concentrations on thinning of ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Lisgala’ apples. BA applications at higher concentrations are effective in thinning ‘Fuji Suprema’ and ‘Lisgala’ apples. There is an effectiveness reduction when BA is sprayed on fruits larger than 10 mm in diameter. The BA concentration may be reduced by mixture with carbaryl without reduction of chemical thinning effect. Index terms: Malus domestica , plant growth regulators, cytokinins, fruit quality.

Influence of floral structure and flower bud quality on productivity and fruit shape in different apple cultivars

This study examines the relationship between floral structure and bud quality with the productivity and fruit shape of Gala, Fuji and Daiane apple cultivars under the mild winter conditions in Southern Brazil. Six different types of floral structures were characterized in field growing plants, according to their nature and bud size: spurs, short and long twigs with weak and vigorous buds. Variables related to the phenology and the productivity for these different structures were evaluated. Gala and Fuji cvs. showed earlier phenological development in the twigs, and cv. Daiane in the spurs. For the three cvs. the highest percentage of buds in each phenological phase was observed in the long twigs. The long twigs also showed the highest sprout and fruit set index, floral number per cluster, and leaf area in the three cvs., while the bud abortion was higher in the spurs than in the twigs. No difference was observed among the structures in cvs. Gala and Fuji regarding to the fruit shape. In the cv. Daiane, however, a tendency to higher length diameter ratio of the fruits produced by the long twigs was observed.

Evolução do estado fisiológico da parte aérea do morangueiro durante a armazenagem em câmara frigorífica

The aim of this work was to know the physiological state of the aerial part of strawberry plants (varieties Gariguette and Elsanta) during storage in cold chamber (-2oC) from January until August. According to the biological test (petiole test), the growth capacity was kept up without significant evolution. The flow of metabolic heating (Q) and the respiratory intensity (RCO2) of the apical zone tissues measured at the exit of the cold chamber did not change significantly. Their values measured after 48 and 72 hours of acclimatization at 20oC were higher than at the exit of the cold chamber. The differences between the values without acclimatization and after acclimatization increased during the first weeks of storage, showing an evolution in the apex of the plant. There was a strict parallelism between the values of Q and RCO2 and of the tissues water contents (UP). The growth capacity of the aerial part of the plants seemed to keep up even after 8 months of storage.

Raleio químico de floração com complemento de pós floração na macieira grupo ‘gala’

O raleio quimico da macieira tem sido considerado como o metodo mais eficiente para realizar esta pratica, pois pode ser realizado no momento certo e em um curto periodo de tempo. Alem disso, essa pratica diminui os custos com mao de obra e traz efeitos positivos no retorno da floracao. Com a suspensao do registro do Carbaryl, novas alternativas foram desenvolvidas visando o raleio quimico da macieira em pos-floracao, destacando-se o ANA (Acido Naftaleno Acetico), o Promalin® e mais recentemente a Benziladenina (BA). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta da aplicacao de raleantes quimicos de floracao com complemento de pos-floracao, no raleio quimico da macieira do grupo ‘Gala’, tendo-se utilizado o clone ‘Lisgala’. O experimento foi conduzido em pomar comercial localizado no municipio de Cacador, SC (26°50’S; 50°58’W; 947 m acima do nivel do mar) na safra 2012/2013 e 2013/2014. Na ausencia do Carbaryl, os produtos Promalin® e Maxcel® sao alternativas no raleio quimico de macieiras do grupo ‘Gala’, os quais proporcionaram um efetivo raleio em floracao e pos floracao, promovendo o aumento na massa fresca media dos frutos.