Gabriel Sáez Espínola

Comparison between the adhesion forces of two orthodontic systems with moisture affinity in two enamel surface conditions

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets with two systems of hydrophilic adhesives: (I) a cyanoacrylate adhesive (Smartbond, International Gestenco) and (II) a composite system (Transbond XT and Transbond™ IPM) in two enamel conditions: dry and artifi cial saliva contaminated. Materials and methods: 100 extracted premolars were stored in distilled water at 4 degrees Celsius. The teeth were cleaned, polished, and convenience distributed into 5 groups: (1) composite resin in enamel under dry conditions, (2) cyanoacrylate adhesive in dry enamel condition, (3) composite resin in enamel condition contaminated with artifi cial saliva before the primer, (4) composite resin enamel condition contaminated with artifi cial saliva after the primer, and (5) cyanoacrylate adhesive in artifi cial saliva contaminated enamel condition. The results showed that the adhesive system Transbond XT™ and Transbond MIP obtained the highest values of resistance to debonding in the dry enamel surface. Conclusions: The adhesive system Transbond XT™ and Transbond MIP I provide an adequate in vitro resistance to debonding in every enamel condition. The system based on cyanoacrylate adhesive Smartbond obtained proper values of resistance to debonding in dry enamel, however it obtained the lowest values in contaminated with enamel artificial saliva conditions, unsuitable for orthodontics, and even some samples were not cemented successfully in vitro under these conditions. Key words: Hydrophilic adhesive, orthodontic bracket, shear bond strength, cyanoacrylate adhesive, Smartbond

Resistencia al desprendimiento de brackets adheridos con resina en contacto con una bebida alcohólica

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an alcoholic drink (rum) in the adhesion of Transbond (3M) and Enlight (ORMCO) resins. Eighty brackets (0 o ) were bonded with Transbond and Enlight to healthy human teeth previously etched with phosphoric acid (37%). Each resin used its own adhesive. After bonding all teeth were immersed in physiologic serum at 7 oC for 24 hours and then thermocycled for 500 cycles; (5-55 o C). Forty samples were immersed in physiologic solution and the rest in the alcoholic drink for 12 days. At the end of 12 days, the force was measured in order to remove the bracket of each resin using a universal mechanical testing machine and the bond strength was calculated. The adhesion areas were observed in order to determine the failure site. The values were analyzed with ANOVA. The Enlight resin proved to have better bond strength than Transbond when both were immersed in serum but rum increased Transbond bond strength signifi cantly. It was concluded that the medium changes the bond strength signifi cantly. It was concluded that environment has an influence over bracket bond strength which could be an advantage for treatment since brackets have better adhesion but a disadvantage for the patients overall health. RESUMEN El proposito de este estudio fue determinar si las resinas Transbond (3M) y Enlight (ORMCO) sufren cambios en su adhesion al diente cuando estan en contacto con una bebida alcoholica (ron). Ochenta brackets (0o) fueron adheridos a dientes premolares humanos sin caries usando Transbond y Enlight, previamente grabados con acido fosforico al 37%. Cada resina uso su propio adhesivo. Despues de estar sumergidos en suero fi siologico a 7 o C durante 24 horas, se sometieron a un termociclado de 500 ciclos (5-55 o C). Se sumergieron cuarenta muestras en solucion fi siologica y el resto en la bebida alcoholica durante 12 dias; transcurrido este tiempo se midio la fuerza para desprender el bracket de cada resina usando una maquina universal de pruebas mecanicas y se calculo la resistencia al desprendimiento en MPa. Se observaron las zonas de desprendimiento para determinar el sitio de falla. Los valores fueron analizados con ANOVA. Se encontro que Enlight presento mayor resistencia al desprendimiento que Transbond cuando ambos estuvieron sumergidos en el suero, pero el ron incremento considerablemente la resistencia al desalojo de Transbond. Se concluyo que el medio infl uye en la resistencia al desprendimiento de los brackets, siendo una ventaja para la estabilidad de la aparatologia, ya que se adhiere mas el bracket, pero una desventaja para la salud.

Bond strength of brackets bonded with resin in contact with an alcoholic beverage

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an alcoholic drink (rum) in the adhesion of Transbond (3M) and Enlight (ORMCO) resins. Eighty brackets (0 o ) were bonded with Transbond and Enlight to healthy human teeth previously etched with phosphoric acid (37%). Each resin used its own adhesive. After bonding all teeth were immersed in physiologic serum at 7 o C for 24 hours and then thermocycled for 500 cycles; (5-55 o C). Forty samples were immersed in physiologic solution and the rest in the alcoholic drink for 12 days. At the end of 12 days, the force was measured in order to remove the bracket of each resin using a universal mechanical testing machine and the bond strength was calculated. The adhesion areas were observed in order to determine the failure site. The values were analyzed with ANOVA. The Enlight resin proved to have better bond strength than Transbond when both were immersed in serum but rum increased Transbond bond strength signifi cantly. It was concluded that the medium changes the bond strength signifi cantly. It was concluded that environment has an influence over bracket bond strength which could be an advantage for treatment since brackets have better adhesion but a disadvantage for the patients overall health.

Estudio comparativo de resistencia a la fatiga de arcos de níquel-titanio de tres marcas

Los alambres de niquel-titanio han sido los arcos de eleccion para la nivelacion dental lo que provoca fuerzas ligeras para crear movimientos sin dano al periodonto. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el numero de ciclos que soporto un alambre de niqueltitanio a la fatiga en un ensayo de fl exion. Se probaron 60 arcos redondos de 0.016” de ORMCO (20), GAC (20) y 3M (20) a 37 o C. Se usaron brackets Roth (0.022x0.025”) adheridos a dientes de acrilico de un tipodonto para sujetar los arcos. Una maquina universal de pruebas mecanicas fue usada para hacer la prueba de fatiga hasta obtener la fractura del arco. Se reportan los ciclos que cada muestra soporto. Los resultados requirieron de un analisis de varianza (ANOVA) de una via con prueba de Tukey (p < 0.001). Las superfi cies fracturadas fueron examinadas en un microscopio metalografi co a 125X para observar el patron de fractura. Se encontro que los arcos ORMCO presentan mayor elasticidad que los arcos de 3M y GAC. Palabras clave: Arcos de NiTi, superelasticidad, fractura, fatiga.

Comparación de fuerza de adhesión de dos sistemas ortodóncicos con afinidad a la humedad en dos condiciones de superficie del esmalte

El proposito de este estudio fue comparar la resistencia al cizallamiento de brackets ortodoncicos de dos sistemas adhesivos hidrofilicos, estos son: (I) adhesivo a base de cianoacrilato (Smarbond, Gestenco Internacional) y (II) una resina compuesta (Transbond XT y Transbond™ MIP) en dos condiciones del esmalte, seco y contaminado con saliva artifi cial. Materiales y metodos: 100 premolares extraidos fueron almacenados en agua destilada a cuatro grados centigrados. Los dientes fueron limpiados, pulidos y distribuidos a conveniencia en 5 grupos, los cuales son: (1) resina compuesta en condicion del esmalte seco; (2) adhesivo de cianoacrilato en condicion del esmalte seco; (3) resina compuesta en condicion del esmalte contaminado con saliva artifi cial antes del adhesivo liquido; (4) resina compuesta en condicion del esmalte contaminado con saliva artifi cial despues del adhesivo liquido; y (5) adhesivo de cianoacrilato en condicion del esmalte contaminado con saliva artifi cial. Los resultados arrojaron que el sistema adhesivo Transbond XT y Transbond™ MIP obtuvo los valores de resistencia al desprendimiento mas alto con brackets cementados en la superficie del esmalte seco. Conclusiones: El sistema adhesivo Transbond XT y Transbond™ MIP proporciono adecuada resistencia al desprendimiento in vitro en todas las condiciones del esmalte. El sistema adhesivo a base de cianoacrilato Smartbond obtuvo valores adecuados a la resistencia al desprendimiento en condiciones del esmalte seco, sin embargo, obtuvo los valores mas bajos en condiciones del esmalte contaminado con saliva artifi cial, no adecuados para la ortodoncia, e inclusive algunas muestras no fueron cementadas con exito in vitro bajo dichas condiciones. Palabras clave: Adhesivo hidrofilico, bracket ortodoncico, prueba de cizalla, adhesivo de cianoacrilato, Smarbond.

Propiedades físicas de cuatro adhesivos para brackets. Estudio comparativo

Due to the quick technological evolution, orthodontic product’s manufacturers continuously develop adhesives to satisfy the needs of the specialist, who trusts the published virtues. Due to the fact that clinics often choose products based on marketing or maybe by habit, it is necessary to analyze orthodontic products and assess their physical properties in order to make better choices of one product over another. During the last two decades investigators have taken as a parameter the Transbond XT resin, however, recently other companies have launched to the market new products. It is for this reason that the objective of this study was to determine some of the physical characteristics of the most widely used bracket adhesives in Orthodontic graduate programs of public and private teaching institutions of Mexico: Transbond XT (TB), Enlight (IN), Super C-Ortho (SC) and Fuji LC (FJ). m ethod. The sorption and solubility (n = 10) in accordance with ISO 404 were calculated and the film thickness was measured (n = 10) attending to the norm ISO 11405. The ANOVA and Test of Tukey was used to determine the statistical differences. Results: Sorption (μg/mm3): TB (3 ± 2), EN (6 ± 2), SC (23 ± 6), FJ (150 ± 20). Solubility (μg/mm 3 ): TB (0.6 ± 2.0), EN (-1.0 ± 1.0), SC (10.7 ± 4.5), FJ (-29.9 ± 3.9). Film thickness (um): TB (68 ± 1), EN (124 ± 2), SC (98 ± 4), FJ (56 ± 2). This study was financed by UNAM-DEGAPA-PAPIIT IT 201612.

Physical properties of four bracket adhesives. A comparative study

Due to the quick technological evolution, orthodontic product’s manufacturers continuously develop adhesives to satisfy the needs of the specialist, who trusts the published virtues. Due to the fact that clinics often choose products based on marketing or maybe by habit, it is necessary to analyze orthodontic products and assess their physical properties in order to make better choices of one product over another. During the last two decades investigators have taken as a parameter the Transbond XT resin, however, recently other companies have launched to the market new products. It is for this reason that the objective of this study was to determine some of the physical characteristics of the most widely used bracket adhesives in Orthodontic graduate programs of public and private teaching institutions of Mexico: Transbond XT (TB), Enlight (IN), Super C-Ortho (SC) and Fuji LC (FJ). Method. The sorption and solubility (n = 10) in accordance with ISO 404 were calculated and the film thickness was measured (n = 10) attending to the norm ISO 11405. The ANOVA and Test of Tukey was used to determine the statistical differences. Results: Sorption (μg/mm3 ): TB (3 ± 2), EN (6 ± 2), SC (23 ± 6), FJ (150 ± 20). Solubility (μg/mm3 ): TB (0.6 ± 2.0), EN (-1.0 ± 1.0), SC (10.7 ± 4.5), FJ (-29.9 ± 3.9). Film thickness (um): TB (68 ± 1), EN (124 ± 2), SC (98 ± 4), FJ (56 ± 2). This study was financed by UNAM-DEGAPA-PAPIIT IT 201612. Key words: Bracket adhesives, physical properties, sorption, solubility, film thickness