Gabriela Ludwig

Cougar Predation on Black-and-Gold Howlers on Mutum Island, Southern Brazil1

Researchers consider predation rates by terrestrial animals to be lower in the case of arboreal primates, particularly among large-bodied species. We recorded the consumption of black-and-gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) by cougars (Puma concolor) as evidence of predation on an island of the upper Paraná River. We collected and processed fecal samples of the felid in 2004 and 2005. We identified items in the laboratory by comparison with museum specimens. We considered each species in a fecal sample as a single occurrence. Based on analysis of the cuticle scale pattern, we identified the felid as cougar. Howlers occurred in 4 out of the 8 fecal samples (40% of the occurrences). In addition to howlers, we also recorded 5 occurrences of agouti (Dasyprocta azarae; 50%) and a small unidentified sigmodontine rodent (10%). The abundance of howlers and the low forest canopy in a successional vegetation might have facilitated the predation of the large primates by a primarily terrestrial predator. The versatility of cougars is corroborated by the consumption of prey species that were abundant in the region and that were available in different forest strata, such as howlers and agoutis.

Tentativa de infanticídio por um macho dominante de Alouatta caraya (Humboldt) (Primates, Atelidae) em um infante extra-grupo devido a influência do observador

Este trabalho relata um caso de tentativa de infanticidio por um macho residente e dominante de um grupo de Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) em um infante extra-grupo, em ilha do rio Parana, Parana, Brasil. O encontro do par femea-infante com o macho residente foi propiciado pela interferencia humana. Devido as circunstâncias em que ocorreu o fato e a posicao hierarquica do agressor, a hipotese de patologia social pareceu plausivel na explicacao do comportamento.

Os sete primeiros meses de um infante de Alouatta guariba (Humboldt) (Primates, Atelidae): interações e desenvolvimento dos padrões comportamentais

The development of the interactions of an infant primate with its mother and the other members of its social group plays a special role in the ethology and demography of the species, with consequences for their survive and their conservation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the development of an infant of Alouatta guariba (Humboldt, 1812) in the wild, its behavior and interactions during its first seven months of age, in a remnant of Araucaria Pine Forest in Parana State, Brazil. Using the method of instantaneous scanning with 5 min intervals, a total of 46 hours and 15 minutes of direct observation (555 individual records) showed that the infant behavioral patterns during its first four months were characterized by high dependency, which decreased progressively until the appearance of typically juvenile behaviors during the remaining 3 months. The first records of feeding on solid food, tail functionality and allomaternal care were also recorded and discussed. This work contributes to an understanding of the ontogenetic development of a poorly known aspect of this species, and thus for a more understanding of the genus Alouatta Lacepede, 1799.

Occurrence, local extinction and conservation of primates in the corridor of the Upper Paraná River, with notes on other mammals.

The region of Porto Rico, on the Upper Parana River, is a contact zone between the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado, with elements of the Pantanal wetlands. During surveys from September 2003 to September to 2005, we recorded the presence of non-volant mammals on 14 islands and the adjacent riverbanks. Surveys were by foot and by boat, and we also interviewed local people about the mammals of the region. Sightings of three primate species - Cebus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809) (left margin of the river), C. libidinosus Spix, 1823 (right margin) and Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) (both margins and 12 islands) - were plotted on a satellite image. Alouatta clamitans Cabrera, 1940 was not recorded. However, interviews indicated that this species has occurred in this region in the past. The survey of mammals revealed the occurrence of 32 native species, a native genus with one or more unidentified species, and two introduced species [Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 and Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)]. The study discusses the permeability of the Parana River to dispersal, as well as its potential as a geographical barrier to some species. Hypothesis on the local extinction of A. clamitans is also addressed. This study provides information that can be useful for promoting the conservation of this region.

Valores hematológicos de bugios pretos (Alouatta caraya) de vida livre da região do Alto Rio Paraná, sul do Brasil

The hematologic values and the influence of gender and age were described in 36 free-ranging healthy black-and-gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) from the region of Parana river, Southern Brazil. The animals were caught with trap models and intramuscularly anesthetized with 5.5mg/kg tilitamine/zolazepam hydrochlorides. The red blood cells were higher in females (4.48±1,36 vs. 3.58±0.91x106/mm3) while mean corpuscular volume (90.99±27.65 and 118.36±44.63 fL) and eosinophils (0.30±0.24 and 0.76±0.85x103/mm3) were significant higher in males. The packed cell volume (39.46±3.53 and 36.69±3.54%) and plasma total protein (7.91±0.53 and 7.40±0.63g/dL) were lower in juveniles.

Social Structure of Alouatta Guariba Clamitans: A Group with a Dominant Female

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Serological evidence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus in free-ranging New World monkeys and horses within the upper Paraná River basin region, Southern Brazil

INTRODUCTION Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) primarily occurs in the Americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. This study investigated the serological presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. METHODS From June 2004 to December 2005, sera from 133 monkeys (Alouatta caraya, n=43; Sapajus nigritus, n=64; Sapajus cay, n=26) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin region and 23 blood samples from farm horses were obtained and used for the serological detection of a panel of 19 arboviruses. All samples were analyzed in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive monkey samples were confirmed in a mouse neutralization test (MNT). Additionally, all blood samples were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture for viral isolation. RESULTS Positive seroreactivity was only observed for SLEV. A prevalence of SLEV antibodies in sera was detected in Alouatta caraya (11.6%; 5/43), Sapajus nigritus (12.5%; 8/64), and S. cay (30.8%; 8/26) monkeys with the HI assay. Of the monkeys, 2.3% (1/42) of A. caraya, 6.3% 94/64) of S. nigritus, and 15.4% (4/26) of S. cay were positive for SLEV in the MNT. Additionally, SLEV antibodies were detected by HI in 39.1% (9/23) of the horses evaluated in this study. Arboviruses were not isolated from any blood sample. CONCLUSIONS These results confirmed the presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. These findings most likely represent the first detection of this virus in nonhuman primates beyond the Amazon region. The detection of SLEV in animals within a geographical region distant from the Amazon basin suggests that there may be widespread and undiagnosed dissemination of this disease in Brazil.

Howler and Capuchin Monkey Densities in Riparian Forests on Islands and Adjacent Shores on the Upper Paraná River, Southern Brazil

Abstract Three primates (Alouatta caraya, Sapajus nigritus and Sapajus cay) are found in riparian areas of the Upper Paraná River in southern Brazil. Population densities of these three species were estimated from October 2004 through September 2005 by counts on linear transects in riparian forests on two riverine islands and adjacent shores in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná. A total of 397 sightings of these species were accumulated in 188 km of traversed transects. Alouatta caraya was the most abundant species on the large island (2.56 ind ha-1) and on the Mato Grosso do Sul side (0.84 ind ha-1). This density was greater than twice that of the sympatric S. cay (0.31 ind ha-1). Sapajus nigritus was the most abundant species on the Paraná side (0.51 ind ha-1) followed by A. caraya (0.40 ind ha-1). The folivorous A. caraya was the most abundant in flooded forests, while the omnivorous Sapajus species were less so. Differences in forests, conservation status, dispersal restrictions and autecology of the primates help explain differences in primate abundance.

Interspecific Associations between Two Woodcreeper Species (Dendrocolaptinae) and a Group of Black-Faced Lion Tamarins (Primates, Callitrichinae)

Summary. Woodcreepers are insectivorous birds that eventually form feeding associations with other species to complement their energy intake. Here we present quantitative data on a possible commensal association between two woodcreeper species, the Eastern Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus and the Pale-winged Woodcreeper Dendrocincla turdina, and a Neotropical monkey, the Black-faced Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus caissara, at Superagui National Park, Brazil. Our aim is to bring new information on bird/monkey associations in order to achieve a better understanding of the functional basis leading to the occurrence of these associations. We never observed the two woodcreeper species following monkeys at the same time and we found a significant difference between the mean height in which each bird species associated with monkeys. We did not observe interspecific aggressions between woodcreepers and monkeys. Birds benefited from flushed prey, and we did not find evidence that monkeys have benefits or incur costs due to their association with birds, suggesting that these associations may be characterised as a form of commensalism. —Moro-Rios, R.F., Silva-Pereira, J.E., Ludwig, G. & Gomes Barriento, F. (2018). Interspecific association between two Woodcreeper species (Dendrocolaptinae) and a group of Black-faced Lion Tamarins (Primates, Callitrichinae). Ardeola, 65: 299–304.

SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN FREE-RANGING NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES (Sapajus spp., Alouatta caraya) FROM THE PARANÁ RIVER BASIN, BRAZIL

Nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), as well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. During this study, blood samples were collected from 112 Neotropical primates (NTPs) (Sapajus nigritus and S. cay, n = 75; Alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin, Brazil, located between the States of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies were detected in 4.5% (5/112) of NTPs, specifically in 6.7% (5/75) of Sapajus spp. and 0% (0/37) of A. caraya. In addition, all samples were negative for the presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies. These results suggest that free-ranging NTPs were exposed to HAV within the geographical regions evaluated.