Gaël Ung

Deprotonation of a Borohydride: Synthesis of a Carbene-Stabilized Boryl Anion†

An acidic hydride! Thanks to the presence of a π-acceptor cyclic alkyl amino carbene and of two electron-withdrawing nitrile groups, a borohydride reacts with a base to give a carbene-stabilized boryl anion, which reacts with carbon and metal electrophiles at the boron center. Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, KHMDS = potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide.

Stability and electronic properties of imidazole-based mesoionic carbenes.

their most appealing features is their strong s-donor ability, which can be superior to that of very basic phosphines. Moreover, there are numerous synthetic routes towards NHCs, which allows a significant tuning of their electronic properties. As recently noted by Drçge and Glorius, “understanding and tuning their distinct properties has been and will be key to the success for improving catalytic activity and other applications.” Recently, a new family of stable carbenes has emerged. Named abnormal carbenes (aNHCs) or mesoionic carbenes (MICs), compounds B– D exhibit stronger electron-donor properties than classical NHCs, and give rise to robust complexes. 10] Here we report the first study of the influence of the substituents on the electronic properties of imidazol-5-ylidenes B. To study the electronic influence of the substituent in the 4position, we focused our studies on para-substituted phenyl groups, which preserve a comparable steric environment around the carbene center (Scheme 1). Derivatives 2 a–i were prepared by a slightly modified published procedure. Dehydrative cyclization of 2 a–i readily occurred by using a slight excess of concentrated hydrochloric acid in acetic anhydride, affording imidazolium salts 3 a–i in good to excellent yields (67–92 %). To extend our study to the influence of the substituent at the 2-position of MICs, imidazolium salts 3 j–l were prepared. Heterocycle 3 j was synthesized in moderate yield by using the same synthetic route as for 3 a–i, but starting from the 3,5-bis-CF3-phenyl C-substituted amidine 1’ (Scheme 1). Since the amidines corresponding to imidazolium salts 3 k, l are difficult to prepare, we chose a different synthetic strategy, which involves the nucleophilicity of NHCs (Scheme 2). 4-Phenyl-substituted NHC 4 was treated with benzoyl chloride, affording 3 k in 99 % yield. Similarly, addition of pentafluoropyridine, in the presence of trimethylchlorosilane, gave rise to imidazolium salt 3 l in 84 % yield.

Isolation of a potassium bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)carbazolide: a stabilizing pincer ligand for reactive late transition metal complexes

The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of a potassium adduct of a monoanionic CNC-pincer ligand featuring two mesoionic carbenes is reported. Owing to the peculiar electronic and steric properties of this ligand, the first neutral stable Ni(II)-hydride, and an unusual Cu(II) complex displaying a seesaw geometry, have been isolated.

Mesoionic thiazol-5-ylidenes as ligands for transition metal complexes

The first examples of thiazol-5-ylidene complexes featuring group 9, 10 and 11 metal centers, have been prepared by deprotonation of a series of 2,3,4-triaryl-susbtituted thiazolium salts in the presence of the corresponding transition metal precursor.

Gold(III)- versus gold(I)-induced cyclization: synthesis of six-membered mesoionic carbene and acyclic (aryl)(heteroaryl) carbene complexes.

The golden state: selective 5-exo- and 6-endo-cyclizations of an alkynyl benzothioamide have been achieved. The selectivity is controlled by the oxidation state of the gold precursor (+I or +III), yielding two new types of carbene ligand: an (aryl)(heteroaryl)carbene and a six-membered mesoionic carbene. Mes=2,4,6-trimethylphenyl.

A Stable Acyclic Ligand Equivalent of an Unstable 1,3-Dithiol-5-ylidene

During the last two decades, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), such as A (Scheme 1), have played a prominent role as ligands for transition-metal catalysts.[1] Their popularity is mainly due to their strong σ-donor properties and the robustness of the corresponding complexes. These two features result from the presence of the electropositive carbon center and the strength of the carbon–metal bond. Therefore, other types of carbon-based L ligands are highly desirable. The simplest method for the preparation of metal complexes featuring a given L ligand is by ligand substitution at the metal center; however, the availability of stable compounds with a lone pair of electrons at a carbon center is very limited.[2] It has recently been shown that mesoionic carbenes (MICs)[3–5] B–D can be isolated as free species.[6] In contrast to “normal carbenes”, no obvious dimerization pathway can be foreseen for MICs. Consequently, a variety of these unusual carbenes should in principle be available without the need for kinetic protection. No derivatives of the 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene F are known owing to their dimerization into derivatives of tetrathiafulvalene G.[7] Herein, we report our attempts to prepare a free MIC isomer by carbenes of type F, namely, a 1,3-dithiol-5-ylidene E. We show that this compound is unstable owing to spontaneous ring opening to form the corresponding ethynylcarbamodithioate. Importantly, the latter reacts with a variety of metals to give 1,3-dithiol-5-ylidene–metal complexes and therefore is a ligand equivalent of E. Scheme 1 Structural framework of classical NHCs (A), types of MIC that have been isolated previously (B–D), the targeted 1,3-dithiol-5-ylidenes (E), and their unknown 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene isomers (F), which dimerize to tetrathiafulvalenes of type G. In analogy with the classical synthetic route used to prepare NHCs and MICs, we chose the readily available dithiolium tetrafluoroborate salt 1a as a precursor (Scheme 2).[8] Deprotonation with potassium bis(trimethylsilyl) amide proceeded cleanly, as shown by the disappearance of the signal for the dithiolium-ring proton in the 1H NMR spectrum. The 13C NMR spectrum displayed a signal at δ = 81.5 ppm: significantly further upfield than those observed for other MICs (B: δ = 200 ppm, C: δ = 115 ppm, D: δ = 200 ppm).[6] However, the 13C NMR chemical shift for carbenes is unpredictable[2b] (ranging from δ = 77 ppm[9] to δ = 326 ppm[10]). Therefore, in the hope of confirming quickly the MIC structure of the product, we added trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. We were pleased to observe the quantitative formation of the dithiolium triflate salt 1b (Figure 1).[11] However, when single crystals of the deprotonation product of dithiolium salt 1a were obtained, an X-ray diffraction study revealed that it was not the expected cyclic 1,3-dithiol-5-ylidene 3, but the acyclic ethynylcarbamodithioate 2 (see the Supporting Information). The true identity of 2 rationalizes the 13C NMR spectroscopic data; furthermore, the infrared spectrum shows a band at 2160 cm−1 characteristic of a C≡C triple bond. The formation of 2 is reminiscent of the ring-opening reaction observed in the deprotonation of isoxazolium[12] and isothiazolium salts.[13] Monitoring of the addition of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide to 1a by NMR spectroscopy showed, even at −60 °C, the instantaneous formation of 2. Note that the deprotonation/ring-opening process might be concerted and therefore does not necessarily imply the transient formation of MIC 3. Figure 1 Molecular structures of 1b (top left), 5 (top right), 6 (bottom left), and 9 (bottom right) in the solid state (hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity). Scheme 2 Deprotonation of the dithiolium salt 1a did not enable the isolation of MIC 3, but led to ethynylcarbamodithioate 2. The addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to 2 induced ring closure to afford the dithiolium salt 1b. Tipp = 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, ... The proton-induced cyclization of 2 into 1 prompted us to study the reactivity of the ethynylcarbamodithioate 2 with gold(I) complexes, which are well-known alkynophilic π acids.[14] We were particularly interested in the apparent suitability of compound 2 as a precursor for the formation of stable vinyl–gold complexes [(R1R2C=CR3)AuL][15] (Scheme 3), which are still rare, although they are believed to be key intermediates in gold-catalyzed alkyne activation.[16] The reaction of 2 with (tetrahydrothiophene)gold chloride in THF proceeded cleanly, but did not afford the expected complex 4, in which the heterocycle acts as an X ligand as in vinyl–gold complexes. Instead, the MIC–gold(I) complex 5 was isolated in 68% yield. The 13C NMR spectrum of 5 showed a signal at δ = 146.9 ppm: a chemical shift comparable to that observed for the [(MIC B)AuCl] complex (δ = 153.7 ppm)[6a] and at significantly higher field than those of vinyl–gold complexes (δ = 178–199 ppm).[14] Similarly, an X-ray diffraction study of 5 (Figure 1) revealed that the gold–carbon bond distance (1.978(4)A) is similar to that found in [(MIC B)AuCl] (1.98A)[6a] and [(NHC)AuCl] (1.94–2.00A),[17] and slightly shorter than that in vinyl–gold complexes (2.04–2.06A).[15]. Scheme 3 The gold-induced cyclization of 2 did not afford the expected vinyl–gold complex 4 but the 1,3-dithiol-5-ylidene complex 5. THT = tetrahydrothiophene. These results show that with a gold(I) complex, ethynylcarbamodithioate 2 acts as a ligand equivalent of 1,3-dithiol-5-ylidene 3. To test the scope of this finding, we treated compound 2 with the less electrophilic complexes [{PdCl(allyl)}2] and [{RuCl2 (p-cym)}2] (Scheme 4). MIC complexes 6 (Figure 1) and 7 were isolated in 69 and 83%yield, respectively. To evaluate the donor properties of the 1,3-dithiol-5-ylidene ligand 3, we prepared the corresponding rhodium(I) dicarbonyl chloride complex 9 (Figure 1) by the addition of half an equivalent of [{RhCl-(cod)}2] to 2, followed by treatment with excess carbon monoxide. The CO vibration frequencies for 9 (νav = 2030.8 cm−1) indicate that 3 is a stronger electron donor than classical NHCs (νav = 2039–2041 cm−1)[18] and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs; νav = 2036 cm−1),[19] but is weaker than other MICs (νav=2016–2025 cm−1).[2a] Scheme 4 The MIC–palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium complexes 6–9 were readily prepared. Thus, acyclic ethynylcarbamodithioate 2 is a ligand equivalent of MIC 3. p-cym = para-cymene, cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene. The 1,3-dithiol-5-ylidene–metal complexes reported herein are thermally robust (m.p. = 272 (5), 219 (6), 217 (7), 194 (8), 186 °C (9)) and not air-sensitive. The precursor, namely, the acyclic ethynylcarbamodithioate 2, can be prepared in gram-scale quantities within a day and is stable for several weeks in the solid state under an inert atmosphere and in solution for up to 1 h at 140°C. These results suggest that the variety of isolable free mesoionic carbenes will be limited by their propensity to undergo ring-opening reactions. However, the reverse process, triggered by transition metals, should be of broad applicability. Since many different analogues of ethynylcarbamodithioate 2 (R-C≡C-X-C(Y)R′, in which X and Y are heteroatoms with a lone pair of electrons) can readily be prepared, numerous MIC complexes will be available. The catalytic study of metal complexes supported by MIC 3 is a subject of current investigations in our laboratory.

β- and α-Hydride Abstraction in Gold(I) Alkyl Complexes†

Why not both? Both β- and α-hydrogen atoms of gold alkyl complexes are hydridic enough to be abstracted, opening a new route to gold-alkene and gold-carbene complexes, respectively.

CF Bond Activation with an Apparently Benign Ethynyl Dithiocarbamate, and Subsequent Fluoride Transfer Reactions

F-act finding mission: Selective activation of the para C-F bonds of perfluorinated aromatic derivatives was achieved with a simple ethynyl dithiocarbamate. The resulting adducts can be used as non-ionic, anhydrous fluoride transfer reagents towards various electrophiles (see scheme).