Gail Edwards

Can reflective practice be taught

Almost ubiquitous in discourses about the development of teachers, reflective practice describes the process that occurs when persons are apprenticed to any meaningful activity. But reflective practice is a descriptive term for that process: it does not imply that the process is itself open to dissection and instruction. We contend that mistaken accounts of teachers’ thinking have led to misdirected interventions which continue to hinder teachers’ development. We conclude by suggesting that the question to be addressed by teacher educators is not the technicist one: how do we teach reflective practice?, but rather the values‐based one: into which practices do we wish to initiate our teachers and pupils?

Learning to Learn: Teacher Research in the Zone of Proximal Development

This article draws on an action research project in primary and secondary schools which was funded through the Campaign for Learning, and supported by Newcastle University with a focus on ‘Learning to Learn’. This is a potentially useful concept for teachers and academics as attempts are made to move beyond curriculum‐driven and assessment‐dominated education towards inclusive and lifelong learning. At the end of the academic years 2003–2004 and 2004–2005, a total of 43 teachers from schools involved in researching Learning to Learn completed questionnaires and were interviewed about the progress of their individual research projects in the context of the wider programme. They were asked to discuss issues of autonomy and control, expectations and motivation and how change was manifesting itself in their contexts. Clear messages about the need for teacher ownership of the research balanced with the need for scaffolding emerged from the analysis.

Standpoint theory, realism and the search for objectivity in the sociology of education

This paper evaluates the contribution of ‘social realism’ in resolving questions of knowledge and curriculum in the sociology of education. Social realists argue that, in the interests of educational equality, all pupils should have access to ‘powerful’ knowledge produced by specialist intellectual communities. Social realism relies upon a critique of standpoint theory, taking it to be irrealist, relativist and ignorant of the post-empiricist revolution in the philosophy of science. This paper argues however, that social realists fail to appreciate the critical realist response to the post-empiricist revolution and thereby end up critiquing a caricatured version of standpoint theory. The paper concludes that if we are concerned with restoring objectivity, in a manner that avoids both relativism and cultural elitism in school curricula, a turn away from standpoint theory in the sociology of education is not warranted and may be obstructive.

Pre-service teachers’ growth as practitioners of developmentally appropriate practice: a Vygotskian analysis of constraints and affordances in the English context

This paper reports on an ongoing research programme designed to investigate the opportunities for, and barriers to, pre-service teachers’ growth as practitioners of developmentally appropriate practice for children aged 5–11. The analysis is framed by a Vygotskian cultural–historical perspective and points to personal, cultural and structural factors as potential constraints immanent in the various configurations produced by the pre-service teacher–environment interface. The paper concludes by confirming Vygotsky’s contention that development possibilities lie immanent in the contradictions produced by these specific configurations of constraints and affordances. Potential implications for teacher education programmes are also discussed, including the possibilities for facilitating the growth of critical teacher-researcher identities in what is currently a contested education landscape.

Researching thinking skills strategies in a primary school: challenging technical-rationalist orthodoxies of learning?

Abstract Relatively few studies have attempted to understand the beliefs young pupils have about the mind and learning. This collaborative action research study set out to explore the impact of a thinking skills pedagogy upon a sample of primary school childrens learning and beliefs about learning over a period of 18 months. It was found that young children were capable of substantiating beliefs with evidence and reasonable argument – one indicator of intellectual autonomy. Furthermore, over time, children were able to articulate an increasingly constructivist model of mind and learning. However, the findings also suggest that, for some children, intellectual autonomy may have been hindered by current United Kingdom curriculum and assessment policy; a technical-rationalist, competitive, transmission model of education still persisted in the perceptions of some children with regard to perceived classroom expectations. Throughout the discussion, the author grounds the action research project in philosophical theory to explore the extent to which a philosophical schism is creating this tension and impeding revision in education. As a means of resolving this tension, the potential of constructivist and sociocultural views of learning is also discussed.

From Hope & Glory to Waterloo Road: mediating discourses of ‘crises’ surrounding schools and schooling in British television drama, 1999–2011

Popular television drama is an important discursive site engaging the public with debates about schooling and professional identity. Between 1999 and 2011, external discourses of ‘crisis’ (of academic achievement or students’ mental and emotional health) were mediated as alternative discourses of ‘crisis, failure, and salvation’ in which a Standards agenda predominated, or that of the school as a ‘caring community’. Genre analysis reveals how ‘school’ dramas exploited distinctive narrative types to privilege a particular discourse. Adapting Schatzs (1981) scheme of Hollywood genre types, these dramas are characterised by a narrative strategy of ‘restoration’ of the ‘failing’ secondary (high) school to its public function of raising achievement, or after 2007 of ‘integration’ more concerned with assimilating ‘troubled’ students into the school community. This shift in representation is consistent with, and contributes towards, the ‘rise of therapeutic education’ where the Head Teacher and teacher are portrayed more as counsellor than educator.