Ganna Kharlamova

Hetero-Carbon: Heteroatomic Molecules and Nano-structures of Carbon

The hetero-carbon as hetero-fullerenes, hetero-graphene and hetero-nanotubes are considered as unique nanosensors which properties essentially differ from properties of undoped molecules and nanostructures of carbon. Products of a new method of pyrolysis (NMP) of pyridine by mass – spectrometric method are investigated. Fullerene С60 and its hydrides (С60Н6), small carbon molecules C3–C11, quasi-fullerene С48 and new heteroatomic fullerene-like molecules such as functionalized polyazafullerenes (C35N5)H9, (С45N5)(OH)3H14 and (С49N11)(OH)5Н18 with the large contents of nitrogen are basic substances formed at NMP of pyridine. The formation of undoped molecules С60, С60Н6 and С48 could be carried out only from fragments С2Н2, С3Н3, С4Н4 and С5Н5 of destruction of С5NН5 molecules. The growth of heteroatomic molecules is carried out with participation of pyridine molecules or the product of their dehydrogenation (C5N).

Synthesis of New Carbon Compounds: N-doped Fullerene (C50N10)O3H10 and “Pyridine” Nanocarbon

Fullerene N-doped fullerene (C50N10)O3H10 has been synthesized at thermal transformation of pyridine molecules. The synthesis was carried out at special reaction conditions, which are optimum for polycondensation of pyridine molecules. O and H atoms bind to nitrogen atoms and they are positioned exohedrally with respect to the pyridine net, (C50N10). Nitrogen atoms in (C50N10)O3H10 molecule reside in a hypercoordinated state: there are four bonds with carbon atoms belonging to the pyridine net and one bond is realized either with surface oxygen atoms (participating in 3 N–O–H bonds) or hydrogen (participating in 7 N–H bonds). N-doped nanocarbon (or “pyridine” nanocarbon) has also been synthesized with content of nitrogen not less than 10%wt. containing pyridine (not graphene) fragments. Methods of FTIR, XPS, X-ray diffraction patterns, NMR 13C and 1H, mass-spectroscopy were used.

Novel Transparent Molecular Crystals of Carbon

Novel molecular transparent thread-like crystals of carbon at evaporating powdery carbon and transformation of molecules of aromatic hydrocarbons are obtained.

Renewable Energy and Security for Ukraine : Challenge or Smart Way?

Nowadays, as most of the countries in the world pledged to the low-carbon future, global energy problems become more acute. One of the most promising ways to address the growing problems of energy supply widely considered by the international community is use of alternative energy source such as the renewable or „clean” energy. Renewable energy is highly praised for its wide availability and environmental friendliness and its decisive advantage over traditional energy is that it is not subjected to depletion like the fossil fuel resources and that it does not lead to the increasing pollution. Th e paper examines how renewable energy sources can be made useful in the case of Ukraine. Our analysis run along two dimensions: the EU and world’s global tendencies as well as the internal current situation. Our main focus is on whether the investing in renewable energy sources can be regarded as a country’s “smart” power policy and what the outcomes of turning to the renewable resources might be like over some time period in the future. On the base of statistical approach we came to the conclusions for Ukraine: 1) renewable energy sources (RES) production has a potential to replace oil, gas and coal sources, however the same could not be said about nuclear power; 2) the “green tariff ” indeed makes renewable energy projects more attractive for investments; 3) RES production opens new projects in industry thus the employment rate in industry can grow, but not such could be said about agriculture; 4) in analyzed years RES production had very low level of impact on the economic performance; 5) RES have positive eff ect on the environment in Ukraine in analyzed period; 5) RES consumption has a potential to boost positive eff ects of alternative energy resources, Received: October, 2015 1st Revision: December, 2015 Accepted: March, 2016 DOI: 10.14254/20718330.2016/9-1/7 Renewable energy and security for Ukraine: challenge or smart way? Kharlamova G., Nate S., Chernyak O. (2016), Renewable energy and security for Ukraine: challenge or smart way?, Journal of International Studies, Vol. 9, No 1, pp. 88-115. DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2016/9-1/7 Ganna Kharlamova, Silviu Nate, Oleksandr Chernyak Renewable energy and security for Ukraine: challenge or smart way? 89 more than even its production. Th at evokes the idea of necessity to implement policy and some actions to motivate namely private consumers and industry to increase the consumption of RES. Th en it could obviously drive the increase of RES production.

Small Carbon Molecules and Quasi-Fullerenes as Products of New Method of Hydrocarbons Pyrolysis

Previously small carbon molecules C2–C13 were detected only in hot carbon plasma as cations and anions. From clusters, smaller than C60, revealed in mass spectra of carbon vapor only C20 and C36 were synthesized. Therefore the problem of establishment of methods for synthesis of carbon molecules is considered extremely important. Our new method of pyrolysis of hydrocarbons, particularly benzene, created the products which contain small carbon molecules, quasi-fullerenes and their hydrides. A distinctive feature of this method is the opportunity of separate localization of condensed products and soot. Firstly the substances are synthesized which mass spectra of toluene solutions contain intensive peaks with m/z values appropriate to anions of small molecules (C3–C20), their hydrides (C5H2, C10Н4, C14H4, C16H8, C18Н2) and cations of C6, C7, C15, C17, C7H, C8H, C9H, C11H, C18H. Firstly, quasi-fullerenes C21, C23, C33, C40, C48, C52 and C54 are found out in products of pyrolysis. Thus, small carbon molecules, quasi-fullerenes and C60 can be formed in reactionary conditions excluding carbon evaporation.

Ecoterrorism: An Ecological-Economic Convergence

Ecoterrorism is a challenging term because neither threats nor responses are easily defined. Instead, this problem can be solved only by complex means and applying interdisciplinary approaches. Here, we propose modeling ecological-economic complex systems to calculate the possible negative impacts of pollution – and especially intentional pollution – that could be classified as ecoterrorism. The combination of ecological and economic approaches has the potential to establish ecologically safe development of states and regions.

O-Doped Carbon Nitride (O-g-C3N) with High Oxygen Content (11.1 mass%) Synthesized by Pyrolysis of Pyridine

Graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is the most perspective material for nanosensors creation used in nanodimensional systems that aid in the chemical and biological protection of human health and environment. Carbon nitride has an extremely wide interval of region of homogeneity (0.55 < C/N <4.0), which makes it an unique object because of the doping of its structure by non-metal atoms with the purpose of essential expansion of its chemical and electronic characteristics. We developed a new method of pyridine pyrolysis with the purpose of obtaining O-doped graphite-like carbon nitride (О-g-C3N) with the high contents of oxygen (11.1 mass%). In the high-temperature (1050 °C) zone of reactor is realized mainly destruction of molecules C5H5N to formation of small carbon clusters (С2─С4) and HCN. Nanodispersed high-defected carbon nitride at the expense of polycondensation of molecules, HCN is formed in dynamic reactionary vapour-gaseous flow of all reactor, but is located only in the low-temperature (<70 °C) zone. From air valence-unsaturated atoms of carbon in resulting carbon nitride chemisorbs oxygen with formation of О-g-C3N. In mass spectra the products of thermolysis of synthesized O-g-С3N are detected cyanogen (C2N2), fragments C4N2 and C2N, as well as atoms of carbon and nitrogen.

Toxicology of Nano-Objects: Nanoparticles, Nanostructures and Nanophases

The present paper discusses classification of nano-objects, which is based on their size, morphology and chemical nature. The subject of nanochemistry includes those nano-objects whose chemical properties depend on size and morphology, such as spheroidal molecules, anisotropic (2D) and isotropic (1D) nanoparticles, nano-clusters and nanophases. Nanophase is a nano-dimensional part of the microphase whose properties depend on its size. The potential health hazards of nano-objects are associated with their capability of penetrating the body through inhalation, digestion or the skin.

MODELING THE BEST USE OF INVESTMENTS FOR MINIMIZING RISKS OF MULTIPLE STRESSORS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

This chapter contains the assumption about a novel perspective on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the stringency of environmental policies. We have created, by means of powerful econometric apparatus, possible models for equality of positive and negative influences of FDI on environmental security.

Nanosensors in Systems of Ecological Security

In nanoepoch which is characterized by occurrence of completely new fields of a science such as nanology, nanochemistry and nanotechnology the security of a society and a person is not obviously possible without use of nanodimensional systems for monitoring of people health, ecology, information and military technologies. Today it is possible to claim that the security on the basis of nanosensors will be as “safety in everyone’s pocket” in the future. In the present paper the brightest achievements in the field of development and produce of new nanomaterials for their application in quality of nanosized super sensitive and selective nanosensors are considered.