Gary N. Chaison

The state of the unions: United States and Canada

This study demonstrates that the Canadian labor movement has outperformed its American counterpart in terms of union growth, union density, and certification outcomes. Labor and product market factors do not appear to be major contributing factors. Public policy and increased employer resistance have played a critical role, particularly in the decline of unionization in the United States. Union-related variables — militancy, structure, and the desire and ability to organize — are also important in explaining the divergent union trends in the two countries.

A Note on the Severity of the Decline in Union Organizing Activity

Using data on representation elections conducted by the National Labor Relations Board from 1975 to 1987, the authors examine the extent of the recent decline in union organizing activity. An analysis of elections for selected unions and in major industry categories shows no widespread recovery from the sharp drop in organizing that occurred from 1981 to 1982. Although union success rates in new units have been fairly constant, the low number of new members recruited through elections points to a continuation of the downward trend in union density.

The choice between union membership and free-rider status

Free riders are employees who are covered by collective bargaining agreements but are not union members. This article examines the choice between free-rider status and union membership. A discriminant analysis of data from the 1988Current Population Survey identifies employee characteristics that distinguish free riders from union members. Factors influencing the decision to be a free rider, including the knowledge of available options, the preferential treatment of union members, the value of reputation, and union consciousness are discussed. A probit analysis determines the extent to which earnings and proxy measures for the value of reputation and union consciousness affect free-rider status. Suggestions are made for extending the study of the free riders and for the design of internal organizing campaigns.

The AFL-CIO Split: Does It Really Matter?

In 2005, the AFL-CIO split and the Change to Win Coalition (CtW) was founded because of the personal ambition of dissident union leaders and their frustration with the severe and continuing decline in union membership. The CtW was build on a shared faith that only afresh start could lead the unions out of their crisis. But a convincing case has not been made that the seceding unions would be more successful outside of AFL-CIO. When it is seen against the backdrop of the crisis in the labor movement and the enormity of the task of union organizing and revival, the AFL-CIO split does not really matter.

A Note on Union Merger Trends, 1900 – 1978

This paper examines 143 union mergers that have occurred since the turn of the century, identifying the frequency and forms of mergers (106 absorptions and 37 amalgamations) and the affiliations of merger partners. The data for three broad time periods and for five-year intervals indicate, among other trends, a long-term decline in the proportion of amalgamations and an increase in merger activity since the formation of the AFL-CIO in 1955. The author also discusses the frequency and forms of mergers between affiliates of the AFL, CIO, AFL-CIO, and unaffiliated unions.

An Analysis of the Barriers to Women Becoming Local Union Officers

This study examines the importance of barriers to the participation of women in local union activities. Male and female officers of local unions in Canada were surveyed to determine the importance of eight barriers to participation. The results indicate that the most important barriers are that women hold two jobs (at home and at work) and have no time for union activities; child care responsibilities prevent greater participation in unions; and women underestimate their abilities and believe that male employees are better suited to union officer positions. The analysis also explores differences in male and female ratings. Conclusions are reached regarding the importance of overcoming barriers at local levels in reducing the under-representation of women in national union governance.

The New Collective Bargaining

Chapter 1. Introduction: What is Concession Bargaining?.- Chapter 2. The World of Concession Bargaining.- Chapter 3. The First Wave: Concession Bargaining in the 1980s.- Chapter 4. The Second Wave: The Ultra-Concession Bargaining of the Past Decade.- Chapter 5. The Message Behind the New Ultra-Concession Bargaining

The changing scope of union organizing

This paper presents a profile of the change in the scope of union organizing and provides empirical support for the numerous observations about the declining importance of jurisdictions in the selection of organizing targets. The scope of organizing is measured in terms of the distributions of the NLRB certification elections of 18 selected unions for 1973–1975 and 1983–1985. Diversity and concentration in organizing and its impact on election outcome are examined.

Do Union Mergers Affect the Members? Short- and Long-term Effects on Attitudes and Behaviour

Although union mergers have occurred since the earliest stages of unionization, few attempts have been made to uncover the psychological effects of merger on member attitudes and behaviour. The literature suggests that the intended results of a merger (e.g. economies of scale, reduced jurisdictional disputes) can be accompanied by unintended consequences, such as lowered degrees of union commitment and membership participation. This study examined the effects of a union merger on members’ attitudes and participation in union activity using questionnaires. Baseline data from two merging unions and a comparison union were collected a year prior to the merger, and longitudinal follow-up surveys were administered twice. The results suggest that membership commitment, satisfaction and participation do not necessarily have to be sacrificed for the bene.t of building larger, more stable and powerful unions through mergers.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONCESSION BARGAINING AND LABOR-MANAGEMENT COOPERATION

In the last few years, much attention has been focused on collective bargainings adaptation to severe economic adversity. The recent recession has prompted union-negotiated concessions of unpreced...