Gary S. Eglinton

Improving hospital systems for the care of women with major obstetric hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: When 2 maternal deaths due to hemorrhage occurred at New York Hospital Queens in 2000–2001, a multidisciplinary team implemented systemic change. Our objective was to improve outcomes of episodes of major obstetric hemorrhage. METHODS: We report outcomes before (2000–2001) and after (2002–2005) the introduction of a patient safety program aimed at improving the care of women with major obstetric hemorrhage. Process changes were instituted in late 2001 at the direction of a multidisciplinary patient safety team. A rapid response team was formulated using the cardiac arrest team as a model. Protocols for early diagnosis, assessment, and management of patients at high risk for major obstetric hemorrhage were developed and communicated to staff. RESULTS: There were significant increases in cesarean births (P < .001), repeat cesarean births (P = .002), and cases of major obstetric hemorrhage (P = .02) between the periods of 2000–2001 and 2002–2005. There was a significant improvement in mortality due to hemorrhage (P = .036), lowest pH (P = .004), and lowest temperature (P < .001) when comparing 2000–2001 with 2002–2005. There were no differences in measures of severity of obstetric hemorrhage between the 2 periods, including Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, occurrence of placenta accreta and estimated blood loss. CONCLUSION: Despite a significant increase in major obstetric hemorrhage cases, we found improved outcomes and fewer maternal deaths after implementing systemic approaches to improve patient safety. Attention to improving the hospital systems necessary for the care of women at risk for major obstetric hemorrhage is important in the effort to decrease maternal mortality from hemorrhage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-3

Intrapartum fetal stimulation tests: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE To assess the performance of stimulation tests for the prediction of intrapartum fetal acidemia. DATA SOURCES We conducted a MEDLINE (Internet Grateful Med) literature review from 1966 to 2000 using the terms “fetal scalp pH,” “fetal scalp stimulation,” and “fetal acoustic stimulation.” STUDY SELECTION Articles were included if sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for intrapartum fetal acidemia could be calculated. Reactivity was a fetal heart rate (FHR) acceleration of 15 beats per minute for 15 seconds. Likelihood ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for four different fetal provocations were calculated using the Cochrane collaboration 2000 Review Manager 4.1. This permitted an estimate of the degree of confidence surrounding the point estimate of the likelihood ratio for the presence or absence of acidemia given a positive or negative test. The likelihood ratio is a stable predictive property of any test because it combines information from both sensitivity and specificity, is independent of prevalence, and avoids the limitations of traditional predictive values. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS Eleven of 512 articles met criteria for inclusion and included four stimulation tests — fetal scalp puncture, Allis clamp scalp stimulation, vibroacoustic stimulation, and digital scalp stimulation. Pooled likelihood ratio and 95% CIs were similar among the four different stimulation tests. Each test was very useful at predicting both the lack of and the presence of fetal acidemia. Likelihood ratio and 95% CIs for the prediction of fetal acidemia given a positive test were: scalp puncture 8.54 (CI 1.28, 56.96), Allis clamp 10.4 (CI 1.47, 73.61), vibroacoustic stimulation 5.06 (CI 2.69, 9.50), and digital 15.68 (CI 3.22, 76.24). For a negative test, these were: scalp puncture 0.12 (CI 0.02, 0.78), Allis clamp 0.10 (CI 0.01, 0.68), vibroacoustic stimulation 0.20 (CI 0.11, 0.37), and digital 0.06 (CI 0.01, 0.31). CONCLUSION Intrapartum stimulation tests appear to be useful to rule out fetal acidemia in the setting of a nonreassuring FHR pattern. Our data reveal the degree of confidence around the estimate of the likelihood ratio of a stimulation test. The very low negative likelihood ratios warrant the use of these tests when a nonreassuring intrapartum FHR pattern appears. Because these tests are less than perfect, caution is advised; careful continued monitoring with repeat testing during the course of labor should be performed as long as suspicious FHR patterns persist. Fetal scalp pH should be determined whenever possible after a positive stimulation test (lack of acceleration).

Extremely short cervix in the second trimester: bed rest or modified Shirodkar cerclage?

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to compare modified Shirodkar cerclage to bed rest for treatment of the midtrimester extremely short cervix. Methods: This study used a concurrent retrospective cohort design at two institutions over the same period, 2000–2010. Patients were included at both institutions when midtrimester endovaginal ultrasound cervical length was ≤15 mm and had modified Shirodkar cerclage (cerclage group) at New York Hospital Queens and bed rest (control group) at Weill Cornell Medical Center. Cerclage was placed as high on the cervix as possible. Indomethacin and antibiotics were used perioperatively. Results: The cerclage group included 112 patients and the control group included 55 patients. Median postoperative cervical length in the cerclage group was 3.3 cm (interquartile range 3.0–3.6). Cerclage patients were less likely to deliver preterm at 37, 35, 32, and 28 weeks (P=0.0066, 0.0004, 0.0023, and 0.03 respectively) and had longer latency (median 120 vs. 94 days P<0.0001). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed a significant benefit in favor of cerclage (P=0.0043). Conclusions: Our data suggest that modified Shirodkar cerclage as high as possible on the cervix with perioperative indomethacin and antibiotics is superior to bed rest for treatment of the midtrimester extremely short cervix (≤15 mm). We propose a randomized trial of this specific technique.

Association of cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms with the time interval between labor induction and delivery

OBJECTIVE The interval between induction and delivery may change in association with different polymorphisms in genes regulating inflammation. STUDY DESIGN Seventy participants in a trial for induction of labor at term were tested for a -765 G>C cyclooxygenase-2 and an intron 2 length interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism. RESULTS The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 frequency was 33.3% in the 12 women who delivered at < or =10 hours, compared with 13.8% in those delivered >10 hours (P = .03). The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 frequency was 25.0% in women induced because of postdates as opposed to 7.9% induced for other indications (P = .01). The cyclooxygenase-2 allele C frequency was 30.0% in 35 women delivered at < or =20 hours as opposed to 11.4% in women delivered at >20 hours (P = .01). The cyclooxygenase-2 allele C frequency was 26.9% in 26 subjects induced because of postdates as opposed to 13.6% induced for other indications (P = .07). CONCLUSION Cyclooxygenase-2 allele C and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 are associated with a reduced time interval from labor induction to delivery.

West Nile Virus during Pregnancy: A Case Study of Early Second Trimester Maternal Infection

A woman who contracted West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasive illness during her second trimester subsequently elected to terminate her pregnancy due to concerns of possible adverse effects of WNV on her developing fetus. Consent was obtained to test maternal and post-mortem fetal tissues for WNV infection. Fetal blood, liver, kidneys, spleen, umbilicus and amniotic fluid were negative for WNV RNA by polymerase chain reaction and negative for WNV IgM antibodies by ELISA, indicating that in this case there was no evidence of WNV transmission to the fetus. Until further information regarding outcomes of WNV infection during pregnancy is available, pregnant women in areas where WNV is transmitted should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Women with WNV illness during pregnancy should undergo regular prenatal checkups including ultrasound examinations to assess fetal development, and healthcare providers should promptly report cases of WNV in pregnant women to their state or local health department or to CDC.

Endocervical immune mediator production following successful rescue or ultrasound indicated cerclage placement

Abstract Objective: Placement of a cervical cerclage at mid-trimester in women at risk for preterm labor is a common procedure with apparent benefits for some women. However, the changes that occur in the cervix following this procedure remain incompletely identified. Methods: We evaluated the endocervical concentrations of mediators involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) stabilization or degradation prior to, and up to 120 days following, cerclage placement in 53 women who underwent an ultrasound-indicated or a rescue cerclage at 15–25 weeks of gestation due to a cervical length <1.5 cm. All delivered a healthy neonate at term. Samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for concentrations of hyaluronan (HA), 27 kDa heat shock protein (hsp27), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147/EMMPRIN), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -8. Results: Concentrations of both HA and hsp27 were highest at the time of cerclage placement and then decreased while TGF-β and EMMPRIN increased in concentration following the procedure. The highest mean EMMPRIN level was measured at >90 days following the procedure while TGF-β levels peaked at 61–90 days post-cerclage. MMP-1 and MMP-8 were not detected over the study time period. Conclusion: In women with a successful cerclage placement the selective regulation of mediators inhibits progression of ECM degradation and cervical ripening.

Improvement in Outcomes of Major Obstetric Hemorrhage Through Systematic Change

OBJECTIVE To report the outcomes over 14 years of sustained systematic institutional focus on the care of women with major obstetric hemorrhage, defined as estimated blood loss greater than 1,500 mL. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of women with major obstetric hemorrhage at our hospital from 2000 to 2014 compares baseline conditions (age, multiparity, prior cesarean delivery, morbidly adherent placenta), morbidity (lowest mean temperature, lowest mean pH, coagulopathy, hysterectomy), and mortality among three time periods (period 1=January 2000 to December 2001, period 2=January 2002 to August 2005, period 3=September 2005 to December 2014). We also describe the systematic changes that helped to sustain our improved outcomes. RESULTS During the three time periods, there were 5,811, 12,912, and 38,971 births; the rate of major obstetric hemorrhage increased over these periods: 2.1, 3.8 and 5.3 cases per 1,000 births, respectively. Two deaths from hemorrhage occurred in period 1 and none thereafter. Among women who experienced massive hemorrhage, morbidity significantly improved in each successive period: median lowest pH increased from 7.23 to 7.34 to 7.35 (periods 2 and 3 significantly higher than period 1), median lowest maternal temperature (°C) improved, 35.2 to 36.1 to 36.4 (all difference significant), and the rate of coagulopathy decreased, 58.3% to 28.6% to 13.2% (period 3 significantly lower than periods 1 and 2) (all P values <.001). Peripartum hysterectomies were more frequent and more frequently planned over time rather than urgent in each successive period: 0 of 6 to 6 of 18 (33%) to 31 of 64 (48.4%) (P=.044). During period 3, we reorganized the obstetric rapid response team, instituted a massive transfusion protocol and use of uterine balloon tamponade, and promoted a culture of safety in two ways-through more intensive education regarding hemorrhage and escalation (encouraging all staff to contact senior leaders). CONCLUSION A sustained level of patient safety is achievable when treating major obstetric hemorrhage, as shown by a progressive decrease in morbidity despite increasing rates of hemorrhage.

Reply to: a cerclage is not a modified Total Cervical Occlusion!

We thank Doctor Dräger [1] for the letter regarding our publication. We agree that the information available about early total cervical occlusion (ETCO) clearly describes this operation with the process of removing the endocervical epithelium, which we did not perform [2]. Our intent in describing this as a modification of the ETCO procedure (only once in our article in the methods section) was to give credit where credit is due – namely to Professor Saling. The genesis of our procedure was hearing from Professor Saling about ETCO many years ago and we wanted to credit his ideas. Our procedure is more properly termed a modified Shirodkar cerclage, which we used in the title, and we will use this terminology henceforth.

Thyroid Storm-induced Multi-organ Failure in the Setting of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

BACKGROUND Thyroid storm is a potentially life-threatening complication of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), with varying clinical severity. It should be considered in patients with GTD, abnormal vital signs, and clinical signs of hyperthyroidism. CASE REPORT A 45-year-old non-English-speaking patient presented to a New York City hospital in November 2011 with an aborting molar pregnancy and severe hemorrhage. Initial presentation was concerning for GTD. Laboratory values were obtained that confirmed the diagnosis of GTD, which was also by thyroid storm and congestive heart failure. This was evidenced by laboratory values of free thyroxine of 4.9 and beta human chorionic gonadotropin of 1,488,021 IU/mL. Dilation and curettage with 16-mm suction catheter was performed until all products of conception were removed and bleeding was controlled. The patient was admitted to the surgical intensive care unit and proceeded to have multi-organ failure, and remained intubated and unresponsive to verbal/visual and tactile stimuli. On postoperative day 13 the patient suddenly became alert and self-extubated, began to communicate verbally, and resolution of her multi-organ failure became evident. The patient was discharged with Gynecologic Oncology follow-up. Why should an emergency care physician be aware of this? This case represents the dangers associated with poor prenatal care and late diagnosis of molar pregnancy. It also represents the need for immediate recognition of the condition and initiation of appropriate medical care. Although this patients clinical outcome was good, the event could have been prevented had she received reliable medical care.