Gaurav Prakash

Outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in anomalous kidney: Is it different?

Introduction: Various anomalous kidneys such as horseshoe kidney, crossed ectopic kidney, simple ectopic kidney, pelvic ectopic kidney, kidney with duplex system, and malrotated kidney are frequently associated with stone disease. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a challenging procedure in these patients because of abnormal orientation of kidney. Patients and Methods: Since 2005–2015, 86 patients underwent PCNL for stone removal in anomalous kidneys. Stone characteristics, type of calyceal puncture, number of punctures, need of relook procedures, mean hemoglobin drop, blood transfusion, mean operative time complications, mean hospital stay, stone free rate, and auxiliary procedure were analyzed. Results: Totally 91 sessions of PCNL was done in 86 patients including five of horseshoe kidney who had bilateral stone disease. Mean age, duration of symptoms, stone size, and hospital stay was 29.6 ± 12.6 years, 2.18 ± 1.41 years, 4.40 ± 1.16, and 4.17 ± 2.11 days, respectively. Sixteen patients underwent relook procedure, out of which only 6 could have complete stone clearance. Conclusion: PCNL in anomalous kidney is a safe and feasible procedure similar to normally located kidney, but requires careful preoperative planning and intra- and post-operative vigilance.

Outcomes of transurethral resection and holmium laser enucleation in more than 60 g of prostate: A prospective randomized study

Aim: Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is considered a gold standard surgical procedure. The management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has undergone tremendous change in recent years and shifted from open to minimal invasive procedure. With the advancement in technology and skills of surgeons, lasers have been used more liberally, particularly holmium laser. Holmium laser enucleation of prostate (HoLEP) is seen as close rival of TURP. The objective if this study is to observe long- and short-term outcomes of transurethral resection and holmium laser enucleation in the prostate of more than 60 g. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized study includes 164 patients. Inclusion criteria were age <75 years after failed or poor response to medical therapy, prostatic size >60 g, gross hematuria secondary to BPH, recurrent urinary tract infection, acute urinary retention, postvoid residual >150 ml, and Schafer Grade II or more. BPH associated with neurogenic bladder, stricture urethra, and carcinoma prostate were excluded from the study. Group 1 comprises patients who underwent TURP and Group 2 comprises who underwent HoLEP. Follow-up was done at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the surgery. Results: Data of 144 patients were analyzed. The mean age of patients in TURP and HoLEP group was 66.78 ± 7.81 and 67.70 ± 7.44 years, respectively (P = 0.47), mean prostatic volume was 74.5 ± 12.56 and 75.6 ± 12.84 g, respectively (P = 0.60), operative time was 73.10 ± 10.49 and 89.56 ± 13.81 min, respectively (P = 0.0001). Mean resected tissue was 44.80 ± 9.87 and 48.49 ± 10.87, respectively (P = 0.03). The sexual function did not changed significantly in postoperative follow-up. Conclusion: HoLEP is associated with less blood loss, lower transfusion rates, and a shorter hospital stay. The disadvantage of HoLEP is longer operative time and postoperative dysuria.

Page kidney: A rare but surgically treatable cause of hypertension

The Page kidney is a rare phenomenon. External renal parenchymal compression is the culprit. We report two cases of young males with flank pain, renal mass, and hypertension with history of blunt abdominal trauma. Initially, hypertension was controlled by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors but gradually became refractory to medical treatment. Laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in both patients. We emphasize the Page kidney as a cause of hypertension in young patients, presenting with flank pain and renal mass with or without complications of hypertension. Management is aimed to control blood pressure by ACE inhibitors, aspiration of the hematoma, open hematoma evacuation, or nephrectomy.

Laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation with Boari flap for the management of long- segment ureteral defect: A case series with review of the literature

OBJECTIVE The incidence of ureteral stricture is showing a rising trend due to increased use of laparoscopic and upper urinary tract endoscopic procedures. Boari flap is the preferred method of repairing long- segment ureteral defects of 8-12 cm. The procedure has undergone change from classical open (transperitoneal and retroperitoneal) method to laparoscopic surgery and recently robotic surgery. Laparoscopic approach is cosmetically appealing, less morbid and with shorter hospital stay. In this case series, we report our experience of performing laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation with Boari flap in 3 patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective study was conducted between January 2011 December 2014. The patients with a long- segment ureteral defect who had undergone laparoscopic Boari flap reconstruction were included in the study. Outcome of laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation with Boari flap for the manangement of long segment ureteral defect was evaluated. RESULTS The procedure was performed on 3 patients, and male to female ratio was 1:2. One patient had bilateral and other two patient had left ureteral stricture. The mean length of ureteral stricture was 8.6 cm (range 8.2-9.2 cm). The mean operative time was 206 min (190 to 220 min). The average estimated blood loss was 100 mL (range 90-110 mL) and mean hospital stay was 6 days (range 5 to 7 days). The mean follow up was 19 months (range 17-22 months). None of the patients experienced any complication related to the procedure in perioperative period. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation with Boari flap is safe, feasible and has excellent long term results. However, the procedure is technically challenging, requires extensive experience of intracorporeal suturing.

Autonephrectomy due to urogenital tuberculosis

A 45-year-old male presented with history of left flank pain for 1 year, which was mild dull aching in nature. Plain X-ray film of the urinary tract (Fig. 1) was suggestive of diffuse calcification in the left renal area (broad arrow) along with calcification in the ipsilateral ureter region (thin arrows). Chest X-ray was normal. Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) of kidney, ureter and bladder (axial section) showed replacement of entire left kidney with calcification (Fig. 2A). After contrast injection, the left kidney was not visualised while normal contrast uptake was seen in the right kidney (Fig. 2B) (coronal section). CT urogram showed calcification of the left kidney and ureter and normal excretion of contrast by the right kidney (Fig. 3). Urine report was positive for acid fast bacilli staining. Purified protein derivative skin test for tuberculosis was positive. Patient was managed with 6 months of multi-drug antitubercular therapy (ATT) along with opioid analgesics, as and when required. Nephrectomy was not required in this patient. Patient is symptom free and doing well at 1 year of follow-up. Our case illustrates classical radiological imaging of urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) with autonephrectomy which is rare nowadays. Management of such patients Figure 1 Plain X-ray film of urinary tract is suggestive of diffuse calcification in left kidney (broad arrow) along with calcification in ipsilateral ureter region (thin arrows). * Corresponding author. E-mail address: rahuljanaksinha@gmail.com (R.J. Sinha). Peer review under responsibility of Second Military Medical University.

Paraurethral cyst with multiple stones: A rare case report

Paraurethral cyst is a benign cystic disorder of anterior vaginal wall. Many secondary complications have been described in literature, but stone formation in the cyst is a rare phenomenon. We are reporting a case of a 35-year-old multiparous woman who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms, dysuria, and dyspareunia. She was diagnosed as a case of the paraurethral cyst with stones and was managed successfully. Various differential diagnoses have been suggested, most important being urethral diverticulum, ruled out by urethroscopy. Many imaging modalities have been described, but physical examination plays the key role in reaching the diagnosis of stone. For definitive management incision over the cyst with stone removal followed by marsupialization is performed to prevent recurrence.

Primary tuberculosis of urethra presenting as stricture urethra and watering can perineum: A rarity.

A young man presented with irritative lower urinary tract symptoms and multiple fistulae (watering can) in the perineum since 6 months. Micturating cystourethrogram and retrograde urethrogram was performed after 12 weeks following suprapubic cystostomy which showed bulbar urethral stricture with multiple urethrocutaneous fistulae. He underwent anastomotic urethroplasty and excision of the urethrocutaneous fistulae. Histopathology of the excised fistulous tract showed granulomatous pathology suggestive of tuberculosis. Antitubercular treatment was given for 9 months. The patient is voiding well at 12 months follow-up.

Primary emphysematous adrenal hydatid: Unusual site for presentation with rare pathology.

Hydatid disease of the adrenal gland is uncommon. We present images and description a case of emphysematous hydatid cyst of the adrenal gland that had an unfavourable intraoperative outcome.

Retroperitoneoscopic pyeloplasty for the management of pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction in horseshoe kidney: our initial experience

Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is the most common congenital renal fusion anomaly with approximate incidence of 1:400 to 1:1000 births. Pelvic-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) occurs in 15–33% of patients in this population. Herein, we report our experience of management of PUJO in HSK by retroperitoneoscopic pyeloplasty.

Female hypospadias presenting with urinary retention and renal failure in an adolescent: uncommon and late presentation with significant hidden morbidity

An 11-year-old girl presented with poor urinary stream with vaginal voiding since childhood. She had palpable bladder and raised serum creatinine (671 µmol/L). Suprapubic catheterisation was performed after a failed urethral attempt. Following catheterisation she improved symptomatically. She underwent cystoscopy through the suprapubic portal as a guide wire could be negotiated through bladder neck; external urethral meatus was found as a dimple higher up in anterior vaginal wall. Female hypospadias is usually an incidental diagnosis during catheterisation for various reasons. Diagnosis could be established only after antegrade cystoscopy. Anecdotal cases have been reported in the literature with similar presentation. Early diagnosis is essential as renal failure could be a late presentation if patients continue to void with stenosed meatus. Long-term follow-up is needed as these patients may need definitive management later on.