Gazi Huri

A Humerus Fracture in a Baseball Pitcher After Biceps Tenodesis

The biceps tendon has long been appreciated as a possible cause of shoulder pain. Several conditions of the biceps tendon, including tenosynovitis, biceps tendon subluxation, partial tears, and superior labrum anterior posterior lesions, are known to cause pain. Biceps tendon injuries are frequently associated with other shoulder abnormalities such as rotator cuff abnormalities. Biceps tendon abnormalities can be treated nonoperatively or surgically. When nonoperative treatment fails, then surgical treatment includes biceps tenotomy or biceps tenodesis. There are a number of techniques for performing biceps tenodesis, including suturing the tendon to the rotator cuff tendons, suturing the tendon to the surrounding soft tissue and placing the tendon into a keyhole in the proximal humerus, suturing the tendon to the bone using suture anchors, and placing the tendon in a hole in the proximal humerus and securing it with an interference screw. These procedures can be performed with open or arthroscopic techniques. One of the techniques for performing biceps tenodesis is to secure the tendon in a drill hole in the proximal humerus with an interference screw. This technique has been shown to be effective in most cases, but complications, including fracture of the proximal humerus, have been reported. However, to our knowledge, there have only been 3 previous case reports (4 patients) in which humerus fractures occurred after biceps tenodesis. In only 2 of those patients was a bioabsorbable interference screw used for securing the biceps tendon to the humeral shaft. In this case report, we present a middle-aged man who was a pitcher in an adult baseball league and who experienced a fracture of the proximal humerus while pitching after biceps tenodesis with an interference screw technique.

Uncommon Indications for Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Total shoulder arthroplasty and shoulder hemiarthroplasty have been the traditional method for treating a variety of shoulder conditions, including arthritis, cuff tear arthropathy, and some fracture types. However, these procedures did not provide consistently good results for patients with torn rotator cuffs. The development of the reverse prosthesis by Grammont in the late 20th century revolutionized the treatment of the rotator-cuff-deficient shoulder with arthritis. The main indication for the reverse prosthesis remains the patient with cuff tear arthropathy who has pain and loss of motion. Because the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty produced such good results in these patients, the indications for the reverse prosthesis have expanded to include other shoulder conditions that have previously been difficult to treat successfully and predictably. This review discusses and critically reviews these newer indications for the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Tissue Engineering Strategies in Ligament Regeneration

Ligaments are dense fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to other bones and their injuries are frequently encountered in the clinic. The current clinical approaches in ligament repair and regeneration are limited to autografts, as the gold standard, and allografts. Both of these techniques have their own drawbacks that limit the success in clinical setting; therefore, new strategies are being developed in order to be able to solve the current problems of ligament grafting. Tissue engineering is a novel promising technique that aims to solve these problems, by producing viable artificial ligament substitutes in the laboratory conditions with the potential of transplantation to the patients with a high success rate. Direct cell and/or growth factor injection to the defect site is another current approach aiming to enhance the repair process of the native tissue. This review summarizes the current approaches in ligament tissue engineering strategies including the use of scaffolds, their modification techniques, as well as the use of bioreactors to achieve enhanced regeneration rates, while also discussing the advances in growth factor and cell therapy applications towards obtaining enhanced ligament regeneration.

Surgical treatment of infected shoulder arthroplasty. A systematic review

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the best surgical management of infected shoulder arthroplasty.MethodsA literature review from 1996 to 2016 identified 15 level IV studies that met inclusion criteria. Persistent infection (PI) was considered as treatment failure. Success was regarded as the absence of symptomatic PI without necessity for further treatment. Surgical outcomes were reported according to the mean weighted Constant and Murley score (CMS) for each treatment group.ResultsOverall, 287 patients (146 males/141 females) were identified at a mean follow-up of 50.4 (range 32–99.6) months. The PI in the whole population was 11.5%. The pooled mean CMS, available for 218 patients, was 39 ± 13. Twenty-seven patients (9.4%) were treated with debridement (PI 29.6%, CMS 41 ± 12), 52 patients (18.1%) with resection arthroplasty (PI 11.5%, CMS 29 ± 16), 33 patients (11.5%) with permanent spacers (PI 6.1%, CMS 31 ± 14), 98 patients (34.2%) with two-stage revisions (PI 14.3%, CMS 42 ± 12) and 77 patients (26.8%) with one-stage revisions (PI 3.9%, CMS 49 ± 11).Debridement showed the highest PI rate (29.6%) and one-stage revisions reported the lowest PI rate (3.9%). Resection arthroplasty and spacers showed the poorest CMS when compared to the other procedures (p ≤ 0.0001). The debridement PI rate was significantly higher than almost any other procedure. CMS was significantly higher in patients undergoing revision compared to non-revision procedures (45 ± 12 vs. 35 ± 14) (p < 0.0001). One-stage revisions achieved significantly better results in terms of the PI rate compared to two-stage revisions (p = 0.0223), but not in terms of CMS.ConclusionDebridement showed the highest PI rate (29.6%) and should not be recommended for the management of infected shoulder arthroplasty. Revisions reported better functional outcomes compared to non-revision procedures. The presence of a significantly lower PI rate with comparablely high mean CMS values suggests that one-stage (where technically applicable) could be superior to two-stage revisions.Unfortunately, well-designed randomized controlled trials using validated patient-based outcomes are lacking in this field. Level of evidence: Systematic Review of level IV studies, Level IV

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS)

Objective The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) into Turkish and to assess its reliability and validity. Methods The Turkish version of the OMAS (OMAS-Tr) was developed after the translation and back-translation, which included the stages recommended by Beaton. The OMAS-Tr was administered to one hundred patients (49 females, 51 males; average age: 42.3 ± 17.7; range 16–81 years) with malleolar fractures. The OMAS-Tr was completed twice by each participant at 7- to 10-days intervals to assess test-retest reliability based on the interrater correlation coefficient, whereas Cronbachs alpha evaluated internal consistency. The external validity was evaluated with correlations between the Turkish version of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and the Turkish version of the SF-12 questionnaire. The distribution of floor and ceiling effects was also analyzed. Results The internal consistency (Cronbachs α = 0.84) and the test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.98) were excellent. The mean interval between the two tests was 8.6 ± 1.4 days. The mean and standard deviation of the first and second assessments of the OMAS-Tr were 74.1 ± 23.7 and 75.7 ± 23.9, respectively. There was a strong correlation between the OMAS-Tr and the FAAM subscales on activities of daily living and sports (r = 0.86, r = 0.83; p < 0.001, respectively). The OMAS-Tr displayed very good to good correlation with the SF-12 physical component score and the SF-12 mental component score (r = 0.72, r = 0.60, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion OMAS-Tr was a valid and reliable tool to assess ankle fracture-related problems. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to assess its responsiveness. Level of evidence Level III, diagnostic study.

A novel repair method for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture with minimally invasive approach using button implant: A biomechanical study

BACKGROUND Minimally invasive Q3 repair has been proposed for acute Achilles tendon rupture with low rate of complications. However there are still controversies about optimal technique. In this study we aimed to describe Endobutton-assisted modified Bunnell configuration as a new Achilles tendon repair technique and evaluate its biomechanical properties comparing with native tendon and Krackow technique. METHODS 27 ovine Achilles tendons were obtained and randomly placed into 3 groups with 9 specimens ineach. The Achilles tendons were repaired with Endobutton-assisted modified Bunnell technique in group 1, Krackow suture technique in group 2 and group 3 was defined as the control group including native tendons. Unidirectional tensile loading to failure was performed at 25mm/min. Biomechanicalproperties such as peak force to failure (N), stress at peak (MPa), elongation at failure, and Youngsmodulus (GPa) was measured for each group. All groups were compared with each other using one-wayANOVA followed by the Tukey HSD multiple comparison test (a=0.05). RESULTS The average peak force (N) to failure of group 1 and group 2 and control group was 415.6±57.6, 268.1±65.2 and 704.5±85.8, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between native tendon and group 1 for the amount elongation at failure (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Regarding the results, we concluded that Endobutton-assisted modified Bunnell technique provides stronger fixation than conventional techniques. It may allow early range of motion and can be easily applied in minimally invasive and percutaneous methods particularly for cases with poor quality tendon at the distal part of rupture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, Biomechanical research study.

Functional outcomes of minimal invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) in humerus shaft fractures: a clinical study

OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the objective and subjective outcomes of humerus shaft fractures treated with minimal invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis and emphasize points which may enhance clinical outcomes and simplify the procedure. METHODS The retrospective study included 14 patients (mean age: 41.7 years; range: 19 to 66 years) with humerus mid-shaft fractures treated with the MIPPO technique between 2009 and 2011. 4.5-mm locking plates were applied via an anterior approach and advanced antegradely (proximal to distal) to protect the integrity of the deltoid insertion. Fracture healing was evaluated using plain radiographs. OBJECTIVE outcomes were assessed in terms of range of motion and subjective outcomes using the American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES), University of California, Los Angles (UCLA), Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) and The Disability of The Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores. RESULTS Satisfactory outcomes with successful union were obtained within a mean of 17.8 (range: 13 to 30) months. While the average active forward flexion of shoulder was 163.9°±5.6°, the mean abduction was 87.8°±3.77°. Mean elbow flexion and extension loss was 134.6°±41.16° and 3.9°±6.25°, respectively. Mean ASES and UCLA scores were 90.2±4.76 and 31.8±1.56 and mean MEPI and DASH score were 93.6±4.12 and 4.6±2.19, respectively. CONCLUSION Minimal invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis appears to be a successful technique for the treatment of humerus shaft fractures. The procedure may be simplified and outcomes improved by engaging the plate with the anterior surface of the humerus during advancement, antegrade advancement of the plate to protect deltoid insertion and using of a minimum of 6 cortices for each side of the fracture to provide stable fixation.

An Unusual Case of Hand Xanthomatosis

Tendon xanthomatosis often accompanies familial hypercholesterolaemia, but it can also occur in other pathologic states. Of the musculoskeletal system, the Achilles tendon is the most commonly effected tendon due to xanthomatosis. Although there are previous reports for flexor tendon involvement, to our knowledge there is no report in the English literature about bilateral hand extensor tendon xanthomatosis that causes restriction in the range of motion. The case that will be presented in this report is therefore unique.

An Atypical Metastasis of Follicular-Type Adenocarcinoma of the Thyroid Gland to Thumb

Bone metastasis in the hand is rare. The etiology of metastatic hand cancers is different from other bones. Bronchogenic carcinoma is the most common primary tumor metastasis to hand. In this paper a rare case of thumb metastasis from “follicular-type carcinoma” of the thyroid is presented.

Modern treatment of meniscal tears

The complex ultrastructure of the meniscus determines its vital functions for the knee, the lower extremity, and the body. The most recent concise, reliable, and valid classification system for meniscal tears is the International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS) Classification, which takes into account the subsequent parameters: tear depth, tear pattern, tear length, tear location/rim width, radial location, location according to the popliteal hiatus, and quality of the meniscal tissue. It is the orthopaedic surgeon’s responsibility to combine clinical information, radiological images, and clinical experience in an effort to individualize management of meniscal tears, taking into account factors related to the patient and lesion. Surgeons should strive not to operate in most cases, but to protect, repair or reconstruct, in order to prevent early development of osteoarthritis by restoring the native structure, function, and biomechanics of the meniscus. Currently, there are three main methods of modern surgical management of meniscus tears: arthroscopic partial meniscectomy; meniscal repair with or without augmentation techniques; and meniscal reconstruction. Meniscus surgery has come a long way from the old slogan, “If it is torn, take it out!” to the currently accepted slogan, “Save the meniscus!” which has guided evolving modern treatment methods for meniscal tears. This last slogan will probably constitute the basis for newer alternative biological treatment methods in the future. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170067.