Geert De Blust

Species diversity and area-relationships in Danish beech forests

The vascular flora of 62 Danish beech forests of eastern Jutland ranging in size from 1-445 ha, was investigated for species-area relations. Species richness reflecting total diversity, forest diversity, and of different habitat groups, were corrected for non-linearity by means of a log-log power function transformation and regressed to forest area. The transformed forest species diversity showed a negative relationship with forest area. It is highly questionable whether the often stated positive correlation between forest area and species number is valid when the total species numbers are corrected for the area-error. The often stated theorem that the larger the forest, the smaller the disturbance, is not valid in Danish broad-leaved forests. On the contrary, if the number of ruderals is taken as an indication of human disturbance, the correlation of area with the proportion of ruderals to all species and to forest species, both failed to detect correlation with area. This is probably due to the less intensive management regimes in small forests compared with larger forests. A substantially larger number of forest species is found in ancient forest than in middle-aged forest. This shows the great importance of forest continuity for the species diversity. Lists of indicator species for ancient and old broad-leaved forest are presented. The corrected species diversity value is recommended as a good nature quality indicator, to be used in comparative studies and for assessing biological quality for management and conservation actions.

Temporal changes (1986-1999) in populations of primrose (Primula vulgaris Huds.) in an agricultural landscape and implications for conservation

In Belgium, Primula vulgaris is a rare and declining species. Its fate is bound up with the ever-changing agricultural landscape in northwestern Belgium and analysis of historical data showed a shrinking distribution area during the last decades. Contrary to the situation in England and France,most of the populations are situated in small landscape elements in the agricultural landscape and not in woodland. The population size distribution is skewed to very small populations ( <10 individuals) with few younger life stages in small populations,higher proportions of older adults and unequal flower morph numbers. The changes in several population traits during a 13-year interval are correlated with initial population status,indicating that small populations tend to be more prone to extinction than larger ones. Small remnant woodland patches may be seen as ‘safe sites’: in this environment population sizes were more or less stable during the 13-year period whereas populations in ditches around arable fields were particularly susceptible to decline. Under current conditions,the long term survival of the species in small landscape elements is highly critical unless land use practices change drastically in the near future. The minimum viable populations concept and management of small landscape elements are discussed. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.