Georg F. Springer

Isolation of Anticoagulant Fractions from Crude Fucoidin

Summary A method of preparation, some physical and chemical properties and anticoagulant activities of fucoidin fractions from Fucus vesiculosus have been described. Certain fractions prepared from crude fucoidin proved to have potent anticoagulant effects. The nature of the anticoagulant action and the chemical composition place fucoidin in the group of heparinoids. The most active preparations contained no demonstrable carbohydrate other than fucose and a component which migrated on paper chromatograms faster than fucose and rhamnose but slower than 2-0-methylfucose. This component gave all color reactions of the methyl-pentoses.

Blood Group A Active Substances in Embryonated Chicken Eggs and Their Relation to Egg-Grown Virus

Nondialyzable substances similar to blood group A antigens occur in White Leghorn embryos, and in partially purified egg-grown influenza virus preparations. The presence of material with group A activity in the virus itself is not proved. Commercial influenza virus vaccines which were tested contained non-dialyzable substances with group A activity. Injections of this nondialyzable material into human volunteers caused an increase in anti-human blood group A1 and A2 antibodies.

Specific Release of Heterogenetic “Mononucleosis Receptor'”by Influenza Viruses, Receptor Destroying Enzyme and Plant Proteases

Summary Release of heterogenetic infectious mononucleosis receptor from sheep and beef erythrocytes by receptor destroying enzyme, influenza viruses and plant proteases has been described. Numerous other enzymes were inactive. Material released by enzymatic action inhibited specifically infectious mononucleosis antibody and gave color reactions indicating that neuraminic acid or its derivatives are involved.

Blood group active gram-negative bacteria and higher plants.

The occurrence in bacteria of genetically determined substances possessing a close serological relationship to A, B, and H(0) erythrocyte agglutinogens was first shown unequivocally by Schiff for one strain of Shigella shigae. Schiff grew this bacterium on a chemically fully defined medium free of demonstrable blood group activity. Macromolecular substances from higher plants which are closely similar serologically to human blood group H(0) substances2 z 3 were first isolated in this laboratory. The most active materials were obtained from the Japanese Yew and from Sassafras?,3*4 More recent studies by the authors emphasize the presence of similar serological and chemical structures in groups as widely separated phylogenetically as bacteria and man.5 As is evident from TABLE 1, blood group A1, B and H(0) activity is widespread among numerous genera of Gram-negative bacteria. Almost 50 per cent of these selected strains inhibit anti-human blood group A, B, and H(0) agglutinins. Also, bacteria with only 1 specificity far outnumber those with 2 or more. Approximately 10 per cent of these bacteria showed high blood group activity, and E. coli 0 8 6 may serve as an example of these. Injection of this highly blood group B active microorganism, or of its somatic antigen, into rabbits yields quite high-titered anti-human blood group agglutinins.6 27 Furthermore, anti-B isoagglutinins are specifically absorbed by E. coli 0 8 6 as are anti-A agglutinins by an A active R. freundii?,* The right-hand columns of FIGURE 1 show the blood group antigenicity of these highly blood group active bacteria in c h i ~ k e n . ~ Simultaneously the data in this figure strongly support Wieners contentionlo that natural hemagglutinins are most likely immune antibodies, for it has been known since 192411 that chicks contain antihuman blood group B agglutinins which were thought to be inherited.I2 FIGURE 1 however shows that, although these agglutinins are present in ordinary chicks (left-hand columns) germfree chicks do not possess antihuman blood group B agglutininst (middle columns).9 It is concluded therefore that measurable antihuman blood group B agglutinins in these chicks are acquired early in life and are not inherited.9 We have attempted to correlate the serological similarity between these bacterial substances and human blood groups with their chemical comp~si t ion.~ TAnm 2 shows the results for E. coli 08& . The activity of the intact bacterium is similar to that of highly purified human €3 mucoid and the sugars demonstrated to be present in human blood group mucoids are also present in this E. coli.* Furthermore, mild short term hydrolysis releases galactose, the

Protection of Mice against Lethal Staphylococcus Infection by Escherichia coli O86 Fractions

Small doses of protein-lipopolysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O86 prevent the death of mice infected intraperitoneally with a clinically virulent Staphylococcus aureus.

Acquisition of Blood Group B-like Bacterial Substances by Human Erythrocytes

Bet f r t iheren U n t e r s u c h u n g e n der B lu t e iwe iBver~nde rungen solid w a c h s e n d e r R a t t e n t u m o r e n (WALXER, YOSmDA u n d JENSEN) b e o b a c h t e t e n wir 1) eine Abh~ng i gke i t in der Zun a h m e der e -Globu l ine yore A u f t r e t e n gr6Berer Nek rosen im T u m o r g e w e b e . Die Ans ich t , dab die ~ G l o b u l i n v e r m e h r u n g besonder s d u r c h T u m o r n e k r o s e n ausge l6s t wird, k o n n t e n wir 2) d u r c h dell Nachwei s g le ichar t iger Ver~Lnderungen bM der T r a n s p l a n t a t i o n y o n h o m o g e n i s i e r t e n O r g a n g e w e b e n best~tt igen. Bet u n s e r e n wei te ren U n t e r s u c h u n g e n zur IZl~rung der B e d e u t u n g der Blu te iwef l3ver~nderungen des t u m o r t r a g e n d e n Tieres ffir die i m m u n b i o l o g i s c h e G e s c h w u l s t a b w e h r h a b e n wir bet R a t t e u n d M a u s die t~ lu te iweiBver~nderungen bet ver s ch i edenen T u m o r e n vergl ichen. W ~ h r e n d die cq Globul inv e r m e h r u n g der solid w a c h s e n d e n R a t t e n t u m o r e n w e i t g e h e n d v o m A u s m a B der a u f g e t r e t e n e n Nekrosen abhXngig ist, zeigt der in der Asc i t e s fo rm w a c h s e n d e Yosh ida u n d W a l k e r T u m o r der R a t t e ebenfal ls eine Z u n a h m e der e y G l o b u l i n e (bis zu W e r t e n y o n 27 %); n a e h den b i sher igen B e o b a c h t u n g e n i s t die e V e r m e h r u n g a b h ~ n g i g y o n der Zellzahl der Asci test u m o r e n . Die B l u t e i w e i g v e r ~ n d e r u n g e n bet R a t t e n m i t Asc i t e s t u m o r e n oder m i t so l iden T u m o r e n s ind ~hnlieh. Die ve rg l e i chenden U n t e r s u c h u n g e n der Blu te iweiBk6rper bet T u m o r e n der M a u s ze ig ten eine Kons te l l a t ion , die wei t gehend der , , iReakt ionskons te l la t ion der m a l i g n e n T u m o r e n des iVlenschen S) en t sp r i ch t . B e i m E h r l i c h A s c i t e s t u m o r der Maus stud, wie be i m Crocke r -Sa rkom t80t ) , besonder s die ~ u n d f l -Globul ine v e r m e h r t (Wer te bis zu 24%), die y-Globu l ine zeigen d a g e g e n ke ine Z u n a h m e . Bet d e m n a c h langd a u e r n d e r B e n z p y r e n b e h a n d h i n g (ca. 200 Tage) e n t s t a n d e n e m P I a t t e n e p i t h e l c a r c i n o m der R i i c k e n h a u t de r M a u s l a n d s ich t ro t z des l a n g s a m e n T u m o r w a c h s t u m s u n d der z u m Teil v o r h a n d e n e n Beg le i t en t z f i ndung i m T u m o r b e r e i c h eine d e m A s c i t e s t u m o r der M aus w e i t g e h e n d ~hnl iche Blu te iweiBkons te l la t ion . Die st~irkste Zunalame ze ig ten w i e d e r u m ~) die a~-Globul ine (Wer te bis 18%) u n d die flGIobul ine (Wer te bis 26%), wobei die F-Globul ine bet al ien T ie ren u n t e r d e m Mittelwer~ der IZontrollen lagen. Die Ver~ n d e r u n g e n be im B e n z p y r e n t u m o r s ind s icher n u r zu e inem ger ingen Teil Fo lgen entzf indl icher Prozesse. L i n e z u m Vergleich he rangezogene Versuchs re ihe e rgab n a c h Ve rb r i i hung der !Rfickenhaut u n d der d a d u r c h e n t s t a n d e n e n E n t z f i ndung , ~Lhnlich wie bet T rypanosomen in fek t i on~) , e ine Z u n a h m e der ~ u n d der fl-GIobuline. Die Ver suche zeigen, dab ~hnl iche T u m o r e n bet R e t t e n n d Maus ve r sch i edena r t i ge B l u t e i w e i B v e r g n d e r u n g e n he rvo r rufen . A u c h bet expe r imen te l l e r zeug ten T u m o r e n e n t s t e h e n Blu te iwe iBversch iebungen , die y o n den Blu te iweigversch ie b u n g e n bet t r a n s p l a n t i e r b a r e n T u m o r e n n i ch t zu un t e r s che iden stud, obwohl m a n , bet l a n g s a m w a c h s e n d e n T u m o r e n , n a c h Carc inogenwi rkung , e igent i ich eine T -Glohu l inve rmehr u n g als Zeichen e ther A b w e h r r e a k t i o n e rwar t en mfiBte.