George A. Bonanno

An Integrative Temporal Framework for Psychological Resilience

Human beings are resilient and defined by a capacity for psychological and functional adaptation in the face of potential trauma and adversity. We present an integrative temporal framework that conceptualizes resilience as a dynamic process that unfolds over time and consists of the following four key elements: (a) baseline or pre-adversity functioning, (b) the actual aversive circumstances, (c) post-adversity resilient outcomes, and (d) predictors of resilient outcomes. In this way, the integrative framework offers a comprehensive synthesis of the growing body of research on resilience.