George Doganis

Factor Structure and Internal Consistency of the Greek Version of the Flow State Scale

The present study tested the internal consistency and the factor structure of a translated version of the Flow State Scale with Greek sport participants. Sport psychology literature is not conclusive regarding sex differences and the type of sport in flow. The sample was comprised of 144 women from interactive sports (volleyball and handball) who were drawn from the second division of the first national category. Athletes completed the scale immediately after a game. Values of Cronbach alpha were used to estimate the internal consistency of the scale and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the model. The results showed acceptable psychometric properties of the scale and suggest a need for improvement of the problematic items.

Moral Development and Form of Participation, Type of Sport, and Sport Experience:

The present study investigated aspects of moral development in sport, according to the form of participation, type of sport, and sport experience. 510 participants, 14 to 49 years of age (M = 24.9, SD = 8.3) who came from organized competitive sports included athletes (n = 327), referees (n = 138), and coaches (n = 45) in football (n = 161), handball (n = 198), and basketball (n = 150). Years of sport experience ranged from 1 to 6, 7 to 14, and 15 to 30 years of participation in sports. The Defining Issues Test was given; analysis showed no significant differences in development of moral reasoning among participants across different types of sports, forms of participation, and years of experience in sport.

AGE DIFFERENCES AND STRUCTURAL VALIDITY FOR THE GREEK VERSION OF THE BODY CATHEXIS SCALE

To examine age differences and the internal structure of the Greek version of the Body Cathexis Scale, 152 women 18 to 45 yr. of age and participating in physical fitness programs took the scale. High internal consistency was evident: in item analysis rs ranged from .29 to .68, split-half r was .89, and Cronbach alpha .92. Factor analysis yielded six factors: (1) Physical Fitness, (2) Total Appearance, (3) Health and Skills, (4) Face, (5) Ears and Chin, and (6) Extremities. These explained 52.5% of the total variance. The higher body satisfaction was observed on the factors, Health and Skills, Ears and Chin, and Extremities. Multivariate analysis of variance of body satisfaction across factors indicated no differences.

Age and Education in Moral Judgment of Participants in Team Sports

The present aim was to investigate the effect of age and education on the moral reasoning of the same 535 individuals in sports for whom nature of sport experience was reported. All 535 participants (M age = 24.9 yr., SD = 8.3) were involved in sports at the time of the study as athletes (n = 342), referees (n = 145), or coaches (n = 48), and had a wide range of education. Analysis of variance of scores on the Defining Issues Test of Rest showed moral judgment in sports differs significantly amongst different age groups (F5,510 = 5.37, p < .001) and amounts of education (F4,511 = 6.24, p < .001). Generally, with more education, higher moral judgment can be expected. It is apparent that moral development in sport is related to age and education, as also holds for a wider social setting.

Examining referees’ task and ego orientation in sport: A preliminary examination of the construct validity of a questionnaire

Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine the construct validity of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire as applied to referees. A modified version of the Greek Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (Papaioannou & MacDonald, 1993) was administered to 148 Greek referees (56, 55, and 37 referees for football, basketball, and handball, respectively). Structural equation modeling procedures showed that an 11‐item instrument yielded adequate evidence of construct validity (CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .05) and internal consistency for the task (α = .86) and ego (α = .78) orientation. The two goal orientations showed a moderate level of negative association (‐.32). Greek referees scored high on task orientation and low on ego orientation.