George M. Fredrickson

The Historical Construction of Race and Citizenship in the United States

Nationalist ideologies have often associated membership of a nation state (existing or imagined) with primordial ethnic identities. Nations have thus been regarded as extended kin groups or communities of descent (Smith, 1984). In the context of European history, the ethnic basis for citizenship was most fully articulated in Germany during and after the process of unification and in the nations of Eastern Europe that emerged within the Austro-Hungarian empire and became independent after World War I. France and Great Britain have manifested a more complex relationship between ethnicity and citizenship. The former has combined a strong sense of its ethnocultural identity with the universalistic republicanism fostered by the revolution of 1789, and the latter has been a multinational kingdom under a relatively benign English hegemony. American identity and citizenship have not been based in any compelling and consistent way on the ethnocultural character of its population. But, more than the nations of Europe, it has made physical ‘race’, especially as represented by differences in skin colour, a determinant of civic and social status.

BLACK HEARTS AND MONSTERS OF THE MIND: RACE AND IDENTITY IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA

Bruce Dain, A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002) Patrick Rael, Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002) John Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionism and the Transformation of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002)

Reflections on the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Publication of White Supremacy

The author recounts the development of his interest in comparing U.S. and South African histories, and how a preliminary conference presentation in 1972 eventually expanded to become White Supremacy: A Comparative Study of American and South African History (1981). He addresses criticisms of the work and concludes with thoughts on the state of comparative studies today.