George S. Jamieson

Factors affecting the stability of cottonseed oil. A study of the antioxygenic activity of alpha-tocopherol

SummaryThe results indicate that the tocopherols function most effectively at lower levels of concentration and with decreasing efficiency at higher levels. The data suggest that the reactivity of α-tocopherol is predominantly towards the active peroxides and show that the rate and extent of peroxide accumulation during the induction period is dependent on the tocopherol content.The initial rate of oxidation of α-tocopherol was found to be very rapid; the addition of small amounts of the cephalin fraction markedly retarded the rate of oxidation.The antioxygenic activity of α-tocopherol was greatly increased by the addition of the cephalin fraction; the effect was not proportional to the content of cephalin fraction; instead, an effect of promotor action was observed.

American safflower seed oil

SummaryThe chemical and physical characteristics of a sample of hot pressed oil from saflower seed grown in Montana have been determined. This oil was found to contain 87.72 per cent of unsaturated acids, and 5.92 per cent of saturated acids.The composition of the oil has been determined with the following results, and, for comparison, results for sunflower seed and soy bean oils previously obtained, are also given. It will be observed that safflower oil contains a considerably larger proportion of linolic acid and less oleic acid than either of the other two oils, and this fact would account for its superior drying power.

Phosphatides in American soy beans and oil

SummaryIt has been found that the precipitate separating from clarified expressed crude oil from soy beans grown in North Carolina and Virginia is composed chiefly of phosphatides. Methods have been described for the determination of phosphatide phosphorus in soy beans which is applicable to seeds in general and in the oil. Soy beans of the more important varieties used by the oil mills both in the Eastern and Middle West States have been examined for their respective phosphatide content. With but few exceptions it was found that the beans grown in the East contained less phosphatides than those from the West, which indicated that the quantity of these substances present is not a factor in causing a partial separation of them in some oils but not in others. Regardless of whether or not a separation of phosphatides takes place, all the crude soy bean oils which have been examined so far have contained notable quantities of them.

Ben (moringa) seed oil

SummaryA brief description of the tree Moringa oleifera, flowers and fruits has been given. The oil expressed from seed produced in Haiti, the subject of this investigation, gave the following characteristics:Refractive index at 25° C. 1.4671Iodine number (Hanus) 68Saponification value 186.4Acid value 0.74Unsaponifiable matter 1.5 per cent. The results indicated that the oil contained 68.9% oleic acid, 3.8% of linoleic acid, 1.5% myristic acid, 3.6% palmitic acid, 10.8% stearic acid, 6.3% behenic acid, and 0.13% lignoceric acid.

A further study on the composition of American tung oil with special reference to the linoleic acid content

The complete separation of elaeostearic acid from linoleic acid by the irradiation and crystallization of tung oil fatty acids was found difficult if not impossible. The application of several cold alkaline permanganate oxidation procedures to samples of tung oil fatty acids indicated the presence of less than one per cent of linoleic acid in tung oil. A study of the reaction of maleic anhydride with alpha elaeostearic, beta elaeostearic acid, and with the alpha elaeostearic acid glyceride present in tung oil showed that this reagent does not react with them quantitatively but only to 86.6 per cent of the theoretical amount. It was found that the elaeostearic acid content of a tung oil can be calculated by dividing its diene value by 78.4, the determined diene value of pure alpha elaeostearic acid. In this way it was calculated that two samples of American tung oil contained 85.5 and 89.4 per cent of elaeostearic acid. It was found that alpha elaeostearic acid and the mixed fatty acids from tung oil when exposed to the air quickly underwent a change to form an extremely sticky material whose use as an adhesive for insecticides will probably soon be determined.

Chia seed oil

SummaryThe results of the determination of the chemical composition of chia seed oil are furnished below. The composition of two samples of linseed oil determined by Kaufmann and Keller9 is given for comparison. The chia seed oil contains a very small amount of oleic glyceride—much less than linseed oil, practically the same amount of linolenic glyceride as the Calcutta linseed oil, and more than the LaPlata linseed oil. One would expect its drying power, therefore, to be equal or somewhat superior to that of linseed oil.

California apricot oil

SummaryThe characteristics and the percentages of the fatty acids present in apricot kernel oil as glycerides have been determined. The oil studied was found to contain about 90.6 per cent of unsaturated acids consisting of a mixture of oleic and linoleic acids. The saturated acids amounted to about 3.6 per cent and were composed almost entirely of palmitic and stearic acids.Mention is made of the utilization of the press cake for the recovery of volatile oil, for fertilizer, and as a feed for livestock. An analysis of the press cake is given. A table of the smoking points for various fats and oils by the J. M. McCoy procedure is given for comparison with that of apricot kernel oil.In addition to the established use of the oil by cosmetic manufacturers, other possible outlets include its use as a salad and cooking oil, for the roasting of shelled nuts, and for the manufacture of soap.

Constituents of crude cottonseed oil: Palmitin, di-palmitin, and phytosteroline

SummaryThe alcohol-soluble portion of the settlings which separate from clear crude cottonseed oil has been studied further. Although the oil had stood in the laboratory for about 3 years before the settlings were removed for the investigation, it was free from rancidity and in excellent condition.Palmitin, amounting to about 25 per cent, and di-palmitin, amounting to about 1 per cent of the total settlings, were isolated and identified. About 0.1 per cent of a phytosteroline, which gave an acetyl derivative melting at 166° to 167° C., was obtained.It appears from the results of this investigation that the dipalmitin, which was probably produced by the hydrolysis of a very small quantity of a tri-glyceride, accounts in part for the acetyl value obtained with cottonseed oil. As no investigation has succeeded in showing the presence of any hydroxy acids in cottonseed, or for that matter in many other oils giving a comparatively small acetyl value, the values noted may be largely due to the presence of small quantities of various di-glycerides.

Cocos pulposa palm kernel oil

SummaryThe kernels from the palm Cocos pulposa received from Uruguay contained 59.5 per cent of oil and 4.8 per cent of moisture. The expressed oil gave the following characteristics: Saponification value, 260.3; iodine number (Hanus), 24.6; thiocyanogen value, 22.4; Reichert-Meissl value, 71; and Polenske value, 24.8. It contained 0.44 per cent of unsaponifiable matter and the following percentages of acids: Caproic, 1.47; caprylic, 9.4; capric, 13.2; lauric, 34.4; myristic, 6.6; palmitic, 1.8 and stearic, 1.3. The chief uses for which the oil is suited are for making soap and, after refining, as an ingredient in the manufacture of margarin.

The composition of California walnut oil

SummaryThe chemical and physical characteristics of a sample of oil expressed from California walnuts have been determined. With the exception of the iodine number, the characteristics are similar to those reported for European walnut oil. The unusually high iodine number (161.7) of this sample of oil is noteworthy; the usual limits by the Wijs method are given as 138 to 148. This oil was found to contain 89.7 per cent of unsaturated and 5.3 of saturated acids. Contrary to the repeated statements in the literature, walnut oil does not contain lauric acid and only a trace of myristic acid, which is in accordance with the saponification value (192 to 197) of the oil. The percentages of the fatty acids as glycerides are given below:The composition of this oil has been determined, with the following results: Glycerides of: Percent Oleic acid 17.6 Linolic acic 72.8 Linoleic acid 3.2 Myristic acid trace Palmitic acid 4.6 Stearic acid .9 Arachidic acid trace Unsaponifiable matter .5