George S. Myers

Derivation of the Freshwater Fish Fauna of Central America

of Tehuantepec and eastern Panama was and always had been devoid of primary (obligatory) freshwater fishes prior to the very late Tertiary. Instead, secondary freshwater fishes evolved in this area during the Neogene and perhaps for a longer period, the Poeciliidae having probably had a longer history within the area than the Cichlidae. In the late Tertiary a very few North American immigrants entered the area from the north, and towards the end of the Pliocene the closing of the very ancient Panama sea gap permitted an influx of South American primary types. Most of these have not yet gotten past Costa Rica, but a few aggressive characids have reached Guatemala or southern Mexico and one has

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A Remarkable New Genus of Anostomin Characid Fishes from the Upper Rio Xingu in Central Brazil

I wish to express my thanks to Dr. Giles W. Mead, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, for making specimens available to me and for his helpful comments on the manuscript. I am also indebted to Loren P. Woods, Chicago Natural History Museum, for the loan of specimens and for color photographs of fresh A. kumperae, and to Dr. Ernest Lachner, U. S. National Museum, and Dr. George S. Myers, Stanford University, for their suggestions on the manuscript.

Studies on the Genera of Cyprinodont Fishes. XIV. Aplocheilichthys and Its Relatives in Africa

LITERATURE CITED BISSEL, J. H. 1893 Grayling in Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 1891: 27-29. CREASER, CHARLES W. and CREASER, EDWIN P. 1935 The graylings in Michigan. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letts., 20: 599-608. HECKEL, JACOB, and KNER, RUDoLF 1858 Die Siisswasserfische der Ostreichischen Monarchie, mit Riicksicht auf dir Angrainzenden Liinder. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig: i-x, 1-388, figs. 1-204. HENSHALL, JAMES A. 1899 Some notes on the Montana grayling. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 1899: 80-85. 1907 Culture of the Montana grayling. Bur. of Fish. Doc., No. 628: 7 pp. LAIRD, JAMES A. 1929 Grayling in the east. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 58, 1928: 167-169. MILNER, JAS. W. 1874 Notes on the grayling of North America. Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fish., 1, 1872-1873; 729-742. NORRIS, THADDEUS 1883 The Michigan grayling. In: Sport with Gun and Rod in American Woods and Waters. Century Co., New York: 499-506. v. SIEBOLD, C. TH. E. 1863 Die Siisswasserfische von Mittel-Europa. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig: 267-270.

On the Occurrence and Habits of Ocean Sunfish (Mola mola) in Monterey Bay, California

An oceanic current enters the bay at its southern point and sweeps the shore line towards Monterey, and with this in summer are brought great numbers of jellyfish (Aurelia). It appears to be the presence of Aurelia which attracts the Mola, but of this we are not sure. Practically all of the specimens observed were from two to three feet in length. They were to be seen on any clear day while fishing for blue perch (Sebastodes mystinus) and sefiorita (Oxyjulis californica) in 4 to 8 fathoms, directly off the rocks in front of the Hopkins Marine Station at Pacific Grove. They habitually swam at a depth of a fathom or slightly less and in the clear water were easily observable from the row-boat. The swimming appears to be accomplished almost exclusively by the lateral sculling movements of the dorsal and anal fins, although body movements may assist. The fishes were more active than their ungainly form would seem to permit, easily avoiding oars with which we attempted to touch them. A number of examples were seen to leap into the air, at least one entirely clearing the surface. Often two and at one time three were in sight at once below the boat. None were ever observed swimming at the surface with projecting dorsal.

Generic Classification of the High-Altitude Pelobatid Toads of Asia (Scutiger, Aelurophryne, and Oreolalax)

BRAZENOR, C. W. AND G. KAYE. 1953. Anesthesia for reptiles. Copeia 1953:165-70. BULLOCK, T. H. AND F. P. J. DIECKE. 1956. Properties of an infrared receptor. Jour. Physiol. 134:47-87. CLARK, H. 1937. Embryonic series in snakes. Science 85:569-70. e common to both anesthe ics s the unailability of an effective antidote in case HANSEN, I. B. 1941. The breathing mechanism of turtles. Science 94:64. KAPLAN, H. M. AND R. TAYLOR. 1957. Anesthesia in turtles. Herpetologia 13:43-58. KARLSTROM, E. L. AND S. F. COOK, JR. 1955. Notes on snake anesthesia. Copeia 1955:57-8. KELLAWAY, C. H. 1937. The results of the excision of the venom glands of the Australian tiger snake (Notechis scutus). Austr. Jour. Exper. Biol. and Med. Sci. 15:212-30. LIVEZEY, R. L. 1957. Procaine hydrochloride as a killing agent for reptiles and amphibians. Herpetologia 13:280. MCCUTCHEON, F. H. 1941. The breathing mechanism of turtles. Science 94:609.

Ptychidio jordani, an Unusual New Cyprinoid Fish from Formosa

Among the described genera of Cyprinidae this form appears to approach only Semilabeo Peters.1 It distinctly differs in having but two rows of pharyngeal teeth and in the absence of wide papillated lips. In the structure of the mouth it is closely approached by no known Cyprinid. Body robust; breast and abdomen without carina. Dorsal fin inserted slightly before anal fin. Anal and dorsal each with one short spine, five branched anal rays, eight branched dorsal rays; no deep scaly sheath (as in Schizothoracinae) at base of either fin. No suprabranchial breathing organ. Body with moderate scales, lateral line complete, not depressed, running down middle of peduncle, the sensory tubes not divided. Mouth inferior, with an extrusible fimbriated upper lip which is not connected with the slightly movable fimbriated lower lip. No rostral fold or groove, the smooth skin of the snout more or less abruptly becoming tuberculate as it passes into the lip. Border of upper lip formed of ten compound fimbriae, the outer longest, the minor tubercles of each fimbria confined to its exterior surface. When folded the upper lip covers the much narrower and less fimbriated lower lip, the compound fimbriae of the upper folding inward. Four barbels, the rostral pair at the sides of and just anterior to the upper lip; when mouth is closed each is encircled at its base by a fold of the skin of the snout which originates at the sides of the upper lip. The maxillary barbels are situated closer to each other than are the rostral ones, at the tip of the maxillary process on each side of the base of the lower lip. The comparatively narrow lower lip and part of the isthmus just posterior are separated from the peculiarly placed maxillary portions of the mouth by two very deep folds, in the superficial grooves of which the maxillary barbels lie. The free fimbriated part of the lower lip is not wide and is little movable; its fimbriae are not compound. No postlabial groove. Within the oral vestibule the jaws are small, arched, and hard, without sharp horny edges, the upper with a few fleshy flaps at each side.

The Systematic Status of Hyla septentrionalis, the Large Tree Frog of the Florida Keys, the Bahamas and Cuba

The large tree-frog of Cuba, the only native Hyla of that island, is found also on the Isle of Pines, the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands. More recently it has been discovered on Key West and Lower Matacumbe Key, in the Florida Keys, and thus enters the North American fauna. Of late it has been formally called Hyla septentrionalis Boulenger (Stejneger and Barbour, 1943: 213), or Hyla septentrionalis septentrionalis Boulenger (Barbour, 1937: 94). The question of its specific or subspecific status not having been properly settled, the name septentrionalis itself having been found to be of doubtful validity, and the genesis of this ill-fitting specific appellation being intrinsically of some interest, the following notes are presented.

A New Genus of Poeciliid Fishes from Hispaniola, with Notes on Genera Allied to Poecilia and Mollienesia

CARBINE, W. F. 1942 Observations on the life history of the northern pike, Esox lucius L., in Houghton Lake, Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 71: 149-164. MACKAY, H. H. 1931 The maskinonge and its conservation. Ontario Dept. of Game and Fish., Biol. and Fish Cult. Branch, Bull. No. 1: 1-11. SCHINDLER, OTTO 1946 Concerning the development, habits and the culture of the pike. Allgemeine Fischereizeit, 71(7/8): 13-16; (9/10): 1-6. WILLIAMSON, LYMAN 0. 1942 Spawning habits of muskellunge, northern pike. Wisconsin Cons. Bull., 7 (5): 10-11.

The Original Descriptions of Bufo fowleri and Bufo americanus

Type from Songdo, Korea (Chosen), Field Museum of Natural History, No. 11417, collected by L. H. Snyder, 1930, adult female. Diagnosis.-Distinguished from other species of Bufo in northeastern Asia by the shortness and width of the parotoid glands, by the long and relatively slender limbs, and by the complete concealment of the tympanum. Description of type.-Snout transversely and vertically truncate with a median groove above; canthus rostralis well defined, loreal region slightly concave; nostrils close to the tip of the snout; interorbital space flat, nearly twice as wide as the upper eyelid; no long ridges on head; tympanum indistinguishable; parotoid glands nearly as broad as long, not much swollen, their length contained more than eight times in that of the body; limbs slender, heels meeting when limbs are placed at right angles to axis of body; fingers very slightly webbed, the first and second equal in length; two large palmar tubercles; web of toes deeply emarginate; inner and outer metatarsal tubercles subequal, rounded; tarsal fold barely indicated by partially confluent series of tubercles; some of the subarticular tubercles double; back covered with nearly uniform small warts with an indistinct A-shaped series between the shoulders and a well defined dorsolateral row on each side; under surfaces granular; color (in alcohol) grayish brown above, lighter on the sides and beneath, without distinct markings. Measurements of type.-Length from snout to vent 56.1 mm.; greatest width of head 19.6 mm.; arm 35.4 mm.; leg from anus 72.2 mm.; tibia 22.7 mm.; parotoids 7.3 and 6.4 mm. in length and 6.6 and 5.2 mm. in width.