George Sakellaris

Prevention of traumatic headache, dizziness and fatigue with creatine administration. A pilot study

Aim: The complex pathobiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) offers numerous targets for potential neuroprotective agents. We evaluate the clinical benefit after creatine (Cr) administration in children and adolescents

Acute appendicitis in preschool-age children

During the last 11 years, 122 children aged less than 5 years underwent appendectomy with a preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis. At surgery, 29 children (24%) presented with acute suppurative appendicitis, 64 children (52%) perforated appendices and 26 children (21%) with appendiceal abscess. In three cases (2%) there was no acute intra-abdominal process. In this study the following data were analysed: age, gender, symptoms, duration of symptoms, whether seen by a physician prior to admission and surgery, physical findings, stage of the disease at operation, histology, postoperative complications and mortality. Conclusion:The accurate diagnosis in early childhood appendicitis is still a difficult matter. The responsibility of the paediatric surgeon is mainly the clinical examination with all his clinical skills and facilities and if serious doubt still exists, to proceed with a laparotomy in order to reach a definite diagnosis.

Role of platelet-derived growth factor-AB in tumour growth and angiogenesis in relation with other angiogenic cytokines in multiple myeloma

Angiogenesis is a complex process essential for the growth, invasion, and metastasis of various malignant tumours, including multiple myeloma (MM). Various angiogenic cytokines have been implicated in the angiogenic process. Among them, platelet‐derived growth factor‐AB (PDGF‐AB) has been reported to be a potent stimulator of angiogenesis in many solid tumours and haematological malignancies, including MM. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between PDGF‐AB, microvascular density (MVD), and various angiogenic cytokines, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (b‐FGF), angiogenin (ANG), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), in MM patients. Forty‐seven MM patients before treatment, 22 of whom were in plateau phase, were studied. We determined the serum levels of the aforementioned cytokines and MVD in bone marrow biopsies before and after treatment. Mean serum values of PDGF‐AB, b‐FGF, ANG, and MVD were significantly higher in patients compared with controls and with increasing disease stage. Significant positive correlations were observed between serum PDGF‐AB, ANG, and IL‐6 levels and MVD. Furthermore, we found significant positive correlations between PDGF‐AB and b‐FGF, IL‐6, ANG, and β2 microglobulin. We also found that patients with high MVD had statistically significantly higher serum levels of PDGF‐AB when a median MVD value of 7.7 was used as the cutoff point. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in serum levels of PDGF‐AB between pre‐ and post‐treatment patients. Finally, survival time was significantly higher in the low MVD group versus the high MVD group (76 vs 51 months). Our results showed that there is a strong positive correlation between PDGF‐AB and the studied angiogenic cytokines and MVD. It seems that PDGF‐AB plays a role in the complex network of cytokines inducing bone marrow neovascularization in patients with MM. Copyright

Deep venous thrombosis in a child associated with an abnormal inferior vena cava.

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC), such as absence or atresia, although well documented, are uncommon and result from aberrant development during embryogenesis. Absence or atresia of the IVC is usually discovered accidentally. Patients are typically asymptomatic of the condition itself. Many concurrent cardiovascular‐associated abnormalities have been described. We report a 10‐y‐old boy admitted to the emergency room with painful swelling of his right lower limb without previous trauma or surgery. After 3 d, swelling also involved the left lower limb. A Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs revealed bilateral thrombosis of the vena iliaca communis, vena iliaca externa, femoral vein communis and superficial extending to the IVC. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen was performed. On MRI, we demonstrated a hypoplastic IVC. The results of blood coagulation studies, including levels of antiphospholipid antibodies, proteins C and S, and antithrombin III, were normal. The patient was treated with intravenous heparin for 8 d and discharged with oral warfarin therapy, which has been recommended for life.

Meckel's diverticulum in paediatric practice on Crete (Greece): A 10-year review

BACKGROUND Although Meckels diverticulum (MD) is the most prevalent congenital abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract, it has varied presentations and often becomes a diagnostic challenge. The purpose of this study was to review the diverse presentations of MD, record the epidemiologic features for Crete and review the detection techniques and the treatment options. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a review of the records of all children who underwent surgery for MD in the department of Paediatric Surgery of the University Hospital of Crete (Greece) between January 1999 and January 2009. RESULT A total of 45 patients (32 male and 13 female) aged 1 to 13 years (median 10 years) with a diagnosis of MD were retrospectively reviewed. The collected data were analysed, looking at age, gender, clinical features, investigations, histopathological findings and surgical interventions. In 25 patients, MD was an incidental finding at laparotomy because of appendicitis. The remaining 20 patients were symptomatic and presented with various clinical features. Nine patients (19.9%) had clinical features of peritonitis; of these, three had perforated MD and six had Meckels diverticulitis at laparotomy. Four patients were diagnosed with intestinal obstruction. Seven patients (15.5%) presented with lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Ultrasound scans revealed intussusception in three patients, requiring open reduction. The remaining four patients with bleeding per rectum underwent a Meckels Tc99 scan that showed a positive tracer. CONCLUSION All patients with MD underwent Meckels diverticulectomy with appendicectomy. MD has an incidence of approximately 1 to 2% in our population. It is necessary to maintain a high index of suspicion in the diagnosis of MD paediatric age group because it can be easily misdiagnosed.

Prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting in children--a prospective randomized double-blind study.

Background/Purpose: Post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications related to surgery and anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to assess whether sevoflurane, with or without the use of an antiemetic such as ondansetron, increases or not the incidence of PONV in children.

Gastrointestinal perforations in neonatal period: experience over 10 years.

Aim This report describes our experience concerning gastrointestinal perforation due to necrotizing enterocolitis during a 10-year period. Method The cases of 27 gastrointestinal perforations, which were treated in our hospital, were retrospectively reviewed. Results All patients were neonates and infants up to the age of 2 months. The study population consisted of 16 boys (59.3%) and 11 girls (40.7%). Twenty-one neonates (77.8%) were preterm, and the median gestational age was 28 weeks. Twenty-four cases (88.9%) of perforation underwent laparotomy. The overall mortality was 63%. Seventy-six percent of the preterm neonates and only 16.7% of the full-term neonates died. Conclusions Gastrointestinal perforation is still connected with a high mortality rate, with necrotizing enterocolitis being the main cause of death. The neonates who did not undergo surgery all died.

A palpable right lower abdominal mass due to Yersinia mesenteric lymphadenitis.

Infection by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has become of increasing pathological importance. This report describes the case of a 12-year-old female with mesenteric lymphadenitis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The patient presented with fever, abdominal pain, and a palpable right abdominal mass. Abdominal ultrasonic imaging and computerized axial tomography (CT) revealed a mass. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, followed by appendectomy and mesenteric lymph node biopsy. The diagnosis of Yersinia infection was confirmed by serology and bacterial culture of the biopsy material. This condition should be considered in patients with a right lower abdominal mass and symptoms similar to those of appendicitis.

Small bowel intussusception with pelvic plastron secondary to acute appendicitis in child

We report an unusual case of a 3-year-old child with appendicitis complicated by ileoileal intussusception. Although acute complicated appendicitis and concurrent ileoileal intussusception represent a possible cause of an acute abdomen, very few cases have been reported in the literature.

Outcome of Traumatic Dysarthria and Lingual Problems of Understanding with Creatine Administration. An Open Label Randomized Pilot Study

Background: The most common cause of death and disability after severe trauma in childhood is traumatic brain injury (TBI). Of all trauma deaths, 25% are caused by head injury. Objectives: The complex pathobiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) offers numerous targets for potential neuroprotective agents. We evaluate the clinical benefit after creatine administration in children and adolescents. Methods: A prospective, randomized, comparative, open – labeled pilot study of the possible neuroprotective effect of creatine was carried out on 39 children and adolescents, aged between one to eighteen years old, with (TBI). The creatine was administered for 6 months at a dose of 0.4gr/kg in an oral suspension form every day. For categorical variables, we used the χ² test (Chi-square test) to identify differences between controls and cases . Statistical significance was defined as a p-value 0.1. Results: The administration of creatine to children and adolescents with TBI improved results in several parameters, including duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), duration of intubation, intensive care unit stay. Significant improvement was recorded in the categories of dysarthria (p<0.001) and lingual problems of understanding (p<0.001) aspects in all patients. No side effects were seen due to creatine administration. Conclusions: More specific examinations for in vivo evaluation of creatine must be performed, in order to draw conclusions for the optimal duration and manner of creatine supply, as well as its possible role for the prevention of TBI complications, in double blind studies.