Georgina Alvarez-Rayón

Imagen Corporal y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria

Objetivo Evaluar la asociacion de la edad y el peso corporal con la interiorizacion del ideal de delgadez, la insatisfaccion corporal y los sintomas de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria entre mujeres adolescentes, jovenes y adultas. Material y Metodos Participaron 145 mujeres de entre 12 y 46 anos, quienes contestaron cuatro instrumentos de autoreporte para evaluar: sintomas de anorexia nerviosa, sintomas de bulimia nerviosa, interiorizacion del ideal corporal de delgadez e insatisfaccion corporal; ademas fue registrado su peso y estatura para calcular el indice de masa corporal. Para analizar los datos, se utilizo estadistica descriptiva e inferencial, especificamente correlacion de Spearman y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados Una mayor edad se asocio con incremento en la interiorizacion de ideal de delgadez y en la insatisfaccion corporal, pero no asi en cuanto a los sintomas de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, los cuales no mostraron correlacion con la edad. La comparacion entre los grupos no solo confirmo que las mujeres adultas reportaron mayor insatisfaccion e interiorizacion, sino que sus actitudes y conductas alimentarias anomalas fueron practicamente equiparables a las presentes en las adolescentes. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio sustentan la necesidad de profundizar en el conocimiento de las actitudes y conductas alimentarias anomalas en las mujeres adultas, debido a que es en esta etapa de la vida cuando la recurrencia en la realizacion de metodos extremos para el control del peso corporal, puede significar un mayor riesgo sobre el estado de salud.

Validity of the Eating Attitudes Test: A study of Mexican eating disorders patients

Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Mexican version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) in clinical and control populations in Mexico City. Method: 276 female patients with eating disorders [52 with anorexia nervosa (AN), 102 with bulimia nervosa (BN) and 122 with eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)] and a comparison group of 280 normal control female subjects completed the EAT. Results: The EAT had an adequate level of internal consistency in the clinical sample (Cronbach’s alpha=0.90). Total score was significantly correlated with criterion group membership (r=0.77, p≤0.0001), suggesting a high level of concurrent validity. There was a small overlap in the frequency distribution of the 2 groups (eating disorders and control) and only 6% of the normal controls scored as high as lowest anorexic and bulimic patients. The factorial analysis yielded five factors accounting for 46.6% of total variance: 1) Dietary restraint, 2) Bulimia, 3) Drive of thinness, 4) Food preoccupation and 5) Perceived social pressure. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the Mexican version of the EAT is an economical, reliable and potentially useful instrument for research in this field.

Effect of gender and school level on disordered eating behaviours and attitudes in Mexican adolescents

The aim of this study was to assess eating behaviours and attitudes in a community sample of 615 adolescent Mexican students recruited at a middle school (192 boys and 226 girls; mean age ± standard deviation 13.56±0.09) and high school (90 boys and 107 girls; mean age 16.04±0.12 years), who completed the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), the Bulimia Test (BULIT) and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Multiple analysis of variance revealed the significant effect of gender on the negative feelings, body dissatisfaction, drive of thinness and perceived social pressure subscales, and school level on the body dissatisfaction and food preoccupation subscales. Among the high school girls, the gender x school level interaction had a significant effect on negative feelings, body dissatisfaction, drive of thinness, food preoccupation and perceived social pressure subscales. These data support previous findings concerning gender, and also suggest that perceived social pressure in the case of girls and food preoccupation in the case of boys could be important factors in the natural development of eating disorders.

Body dissatisfaction and socio-cultural factors in women with and without BED: Their relation with eating psychopathology

The goal of the present study was to assess the role of body dissatisfaction and socio-cultural factors on eating psychopathology in women with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and women without BED. Seventy obese women consecutively evaluated participated: 35 with BED and 35 without BED who attended for the first time in a weight loss program. All participants completed a battery of questionnaires, including: Body Shape Questionnaire, Questionnaire of Influences on the Aesthetic Body Shape Model, Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, and they were interviewed with the Interview for the Diagnosis of Eating Disorder-IV. The Body Mass Index, Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Body Fat were calculated. The results showed that 21% of obese women who participated in a weight reduction program met BED criteria. The scores of body dissatisfaction, influences of socio-cultural factors and eating psychopathology were higher in women with BED compared with women without BED. In the same way, significantly stronger correlations were found among influences of socio-cultural factors, specifically, influence of advertisement, social relations and eating psychopathology in women with BED than women without BED. It is concluded that the high body dissatisfaction as well as stronger associations among influence of socio-cultural factors and eating psychopathology could play an important role in women with BED.

Psychometric evaluation of the muscle appearance satisfaction scale in a Mexican male sample

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the muscle appearance satisfaction scale (MASS) shows acceptable psychometric properties in Mexican bodybuilders.MethodsA total of 258 Mexican male bodybuilders were recruited. Two self-report questionnaires, including the MASS and drive for muscularity scale (DMS), were administered. Six models of the latent structure of the MASS were evaluated, using confirmatory factor analysis with maximum likelihood, considering robust Satorra–Bentler correction to estimate the fit of the models to the data.ResultsSimilar to the original MASS, the series of CFA confirmed that the Mexican version was well represented with the 17-item five-factor structure, which showed a good model fit [Satorra–Bentler Chi-square (109, n = 258) = 189.18, p < 0.0001; NNFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.93; IFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05 (0.04, 0.07)]. Internal consistency was estimated with McDonald’s omega, which was acceptable for the MASS (0.88), and their subscales (0.80 to 0.89), except for muscle checking scale (0.77). Test–retest reliability analysis showed stability of the MASS total as well as of the subscale scores over a 2-week period (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.75–0.91). Construct validity was demonstrated by a significant positive correlation between MASS and DMS results (r = 0.75; p = 0.0001). These results were similar to those of previous studies, which demonstrate the scale’s usefulness.ConclusionsOur results support the suitability of the MASS and its subscales to measure muscle dysmorphia symptoms in Mexican male bodybuilders.

Dismorfia muscular y uso de sustancias ergogénicas. Una revisión sistemática

The use of ergogenic substances (UES) is not restricted to achieving a better athletic performance, but also it is a behavior for body changing through muscle development; however, little is known about the relationship between muscle dysmorphia (MD) and UES. Therefore, it was conducted a systematic review of those empirical papers that have studied this relationship over the last decade (2004-2014). First it is highlighted that of the 22 articles analyzed, only 13 explicitly aimed this interest. Besides, although the documented data outlined some relevant aspects such as the existence of a high co-occurrence (60-90%) between MD and UES. In general, the evidence is still incipient and uncertain, mainly because of the large disparity between the methodologies of the studies, particularly in terms of indicators, parameters and measures utilized to assess UES within the context of MD.

Confiabilidad y validez de constructo de la Escala de Modificación Corporal en varones adolescentes

SUMMARY Several countries have noticed not only the adoption of body change strategies by males, but these may respond to different purposes: weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone or muscle mass. Nevertheless, instruments that allow the assessment of these aspects in a differentially way are scanty. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to obtain the Spanish version of the Body Modification Scale (BMS), as well as to examine its psychometric properties in adolescent men. The first study included the translation, adjustment and piloting of the BMS; internal consistency and factor structure were evaluated with 270 adolescents (Mage=12.84); 171 of them participated in retest. The second study was conducted to prove, in an independent sample (n=200; Mage=13.46), the adequacy of the factor structure derived from the original. The Spanish version of the BMS indicated to have adequate internal consistency (=.88) and test-retest reliability (r=.80). The exploratory factor analysis derived initially four factors, showing conceptual overlap between two of them; therefore, it was opted to replicate the analysis performing an extraction to three factors. These explained 44.1% of the variance, grouping 20 of the 24 original items. The loss weight and increased muscle tone or muscle mass factors showed adequate reliability (>.86; r>.80), resulting substantially lower the weight gain factor (.63 and .74, respectively). The confirmatory factor analysis supported the adequacy of both structures; however, the model here proposed showed a better fit. In general, the Spanish version of the BMS showed adequate psychometric properties in adolescent men. Nevertheless, this should be corroborated not only in other ages, but also in women.