Geraldo L. Sant’Anna

Economic analysis of lipase production by Penicillium restrictum in solid-state and submerged fermentations

In the present work an economic analysis of the production of Penicillium restrictum lipase in both submerged (SF) and solid state fermentations (SSF) was performed. For a production scale of 100 m 3 lipase concentrate per year, total capital investment needed for the submerged process was 78% higher than that needed for the solid-state fermentation process. The submerged process proved to be economically unfeasible, as unitary product cost was 68% higher than the product selling price. Contrastingly, the solid-state fermentation process turned out to be very attractive from an economic point of view. Also for a scale of 100 m 3 /year, SSF unitary product cost was 47% lower than the selling price, payback time was 1.5 years, return on investment was 68% and internal return rate was 62% for a 5-year-project life. Furthermore, the profitability of this process remained high even with eventual increases of 40% in product concentration or total capital investment, or decreases of 20% in product price. The great advantage of the SSF process is the extremely cheap raw material it uses as main substrate. ©2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Production and Regulation of Lipase Activity from Penicillium restrictum in Submerged and Solid-State Fermentations

Different carbon (C) sources, mainly carbohydrates and lipids, have been screened for their capacity to support growth and lipase production by Penicillium restrictum in submerged fermentation (SmF) and in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Completely different physiological behaviors were observed after the addition of easily (oleic acid and glucose) and complex (olive oil and starch) assimilable C sources to the liquid and solid media. Maximal lipolytic activities (12.1 U/mL and 17.4 U/g) by P. restrictum were obtained with olive oil in SmF and in SSF, respectively. Biomass levels in SmF (12.2–14.1 mg/mL) and SSF (7.0–8.0 mg/g) did not varied greatly with the distinct C sources used. High lipase production (12.3 U/g) using glucose was only attained in SSF, perhaps due to the ability of this fermentation process to minimize catabolite repression.

Photocatalytic/H2O2 treatment of oil field produced waters

Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was used to evaluate the efficiency of the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants present in the oil field produced waters from Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil over TiO2 (anatase), in terms of organic loading reduction and acute toxicity removal observed in a previous publication. The effect of adding hydrogen peroxide has been investigated through an experimental design and found to be an adverse one. Two types of photocatalyst (Aldrich and Degussa P25) were used, and afterwards, their surfaces were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The former showed an intense initial coverage by organic compounds and a severe corrosion with the use of hydrogen peroxide. The latter presented almost no initial coverage and was not corroded for small periods of photocatalytic treatment, also in the presence of the peroxide.

Lipase Production by Solid-State Fermentation

The production of lipase by Penicillium simplicissimum in solid-state fermentation was studied using babassu cake as the basal medium. Tray-type and packed-bed bioreactors were employed. In the former, the influence of temperature; content of the medium, and medium supplementation with olive oil, sugarcane molasses, corn steep liquor, and yeast hydrolysate was studied. For all combinations of supplements, a temperature of 30°C, a moisture content of 70%, and a concentration of carbon source of 6.25% (m/m, dry basis) provided optimum conditions for lipase production. When used as single supplements olive oil and molasses also were able to provide high lipase activities (20 U/g). Using packed-bed bioreactors and molasses-supplemented medium, optimum conditions for enzyme production were air superficial velocities above 55 cm/min and temperatures below 28°C. The lower temperature optimum found for these reactors is probably related to radial heat gradient formation inside the packed bed. Maximum lipase activities obtained in these bioreactors (26.4 U/g) were 30% higher than in tray-type reactors.

Lipase Production by Penicillium restrictum in a Bench-Scale Fermenter

A preliminary screening work selected Penicillium restrictum as a promising micro-organism for lipase production. The physiological response of the fungus towards cell growth and enzyme production upon variable carbon and nitrogen nutrition, specific air flow rate (Qa) and agitation (N) was evaluated in a 5-L bench-scale fermenter. In optimized conditions for lipase production meat peptone at 2% (w/v) and olive oil at 1% (w/v) were used in a growth medium with a C/N ratio of 9.9. Higher C/N ratios favored cell growth in detriment of enzyme production. Low extracellular lipase activities were observed using glucose as carbon source suggesting glucose regulation. Final lipase accumulation of 13,000 U/L was obtained, using optimized specific air flow rate (Qa) of 0.5 vvm and an impeller speed (N) of 200 rpm. Agitation showed to be an important parameter to ensure nutrient availability in a growth medium having olive oil as carbon source.

Babassu coconut starch liquefaction: an industrial scale approach to improve conversion yield.

The mesocarp of the babassu coconut, that represents 23% of the fruit weight, is the source of an amylaceous flour containing approximately 50% (w/w) starch. The mechanical processing of the coconut produces the babassu flour, which is a mixture of small starch particles and fibers. This work reports a series of experiments carried out, in an ethanol production industrial plant, to investigate the effect of the following parameters and operation conditions on the conversion yield of starch to dextrose: specific amount of the enzyme α-amylase, gelatinization procedure, fibers content, specific amount of calcium oxide and raw flour comminution. The results show that, among the process modifications investigated, flour comminution is essential to raise the industrial conversion yield from 90% to 97%.

Analysis of estrogenic activity in environmental waters in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) using the yeast estrogen screen

The estrogenicity of waters collected from an important hydrological system in Brazil (Paraiba do Sul and Guandu Rivers) was assessed using the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay. Sampling was performed in rivers and at the outlets of conventional water treatment plants (WTP). The removal of estrogenic activity by ozonation and chlorination after conventional water treatment (clarification and sand filtration) was investigated employing samples of the Guandu River spiked with estrogens and bisphenol A (BPA). The results revealed a preoccupying incidence of estrogenic activity at levels higher than 1ngL(-1) along some points of the rivers. Another matter of concern was the number of samples from WTPs presenting estrogenicity surpassing 1ngL(-1). The oxidation techniques (ozonation and chlorination) were effective for the removal of estrogenic activity and the combination of both techniques led to good results using less amounts of oxidants.

Nitrification of an industrial wastewater in a moving‐bed biofilm reactor: effect of salt concentration

Nitrification of wastewaters from chemical industries can pose some challenges due to the presence of inhibitory compounds. Some wastewaters, besides their organic complexity present variable levels of salt concentration. In order to investigate the effect of salt (NaCl) content on the nitrification of a conventional biologically treated industrial wastewater, a bench scale moving‐bed biofilm reactor was operated on a sequencing batch mode. The wastewater presenting a chloride content of 0.05 g l−1 was supplemented with NaCl up to 12 g Cl− l−1. The reactor operation cycle was: filling (5 min), aeration (12 or 24h), settling (5 min) and drawing (5 min). Each experimental run was conducted for 3 to 6 months to address problems related to the inherent wastewater variability and process stabilization. A PLC system assured automatic operation and control of the pertinent process variables. Data obtained from selected batch experiments were adjusted by a kinetic model, which considered ammonia, nitrite and nitrate variations. The average performance results indicated that nitrification efficiency was not influenced by chloride content in the range of 0.05 to 6 g Cl− l−1 and remained around 90%. When the chloride content was 12 g Cl− l−1, a significant drop in the nitrification efficiency was observed, even operating with a reaction period of 24 h. Also, a negative effect of the wastewater organic matter content on nitrification efficiency was observed, which was probably caused by growth of heterotrophs in detriment of autotrophs and nitrification inhibition by residual chemicals.

Ethanol from Babassu Coconut Starch

This study describes a pioneering industrial-scale experience by Tobasa in ethanol production from the amylaceous flour obtained by mechanical processing of the babassu mesocarp. Technical aspects related to enzymatic and fermentation processes, as well as overall economical aspects, are discussed. When produced in a small-size industrial plant (5000 L/d), babassu ethanol has a final cost of about

Removal of recalcitrant organic matter content in wastewater by means of AOPs aiming industrial water reuse

218/m3. The impact of raw materials, production, and processing (enzymes, steam, energy, and so on) on the final product cost is also presented. Babassu coconut ethanol can be produced at low cost, compared with traditional starchy raw materials or sugar cane. The net profitability of ethanol production is about 40% for babassu coconut and just 10% for sugar cane. If the estimated renewable babassu resources were entirely industrially used, 1 billion L/yr of ethanol could be produced, which would roughly correspond to 8% of the current Brazilian ethanol production.