Geraldo Maria da Cruz

Composição corporal e exigências líquidas de proteína e energia de bovinos de quatro grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento

The body composition and protein and energy requirements for growth of steers of four genetic groups finished in feedlot were evaluated in this experiment. comparative slaughter method was used in a completely randomly experimental design, with four treatments: Nellore (NE), ½ Aberdeen Angus + ½ Nellore (AN), ½ Canchim + ½ Nellore (CN) e ½ Simmental + ½ Nellore (SN). Forty-seven steers averaging 310 kg initial shrunk body weight (SBW) and 22 months were fed during 101 days in a feedlot. Diet on feedlot had the following composition: crude protein, 13.34%; rumen degradable protein, 9.35%; and total digestible nutrients, 71.81% (estimated value). Composition of the 9th-10th-11th ribs was used to calculate empty body composition. No significant differences were found between AN (428 kg) and SN (410 kg) in final empty body weight (EBW), and similarly among CN, NE and SN (389, 390 and 410 kg, respectively), but EBW of AN steers was greater than that of CN and NE cattle. AN steers had higher amount of fat percentage on rib cut. However, less proportion of muscle was observed in the AN group and less bone percentage at the rib cut of the Nelore breed. AN and SN groups had the largest concentration of ether extract and the smallest amount of water percentage on the empty body at slaughter. Steers of AN, NE and SN groups were similar in rate of energy deposition (6.06, 5.20 and 5.80 Mcal/day, respectively). There was no difference among AN and CN cattle on ether extract in empty body weight gain. Simmental × Nelore demonstrated the greatest requirements of protein (0.164 kg/kg of EWG), and AN and CN cattle (0.140 and 0.142 kg/kg of EWG, respectively), the smallest. Angus × Nelore animals required the greatest net energy for gain (4.685 Mcal/kg of EWG).

Peso de abate de machos não-castrados para produção do bovino jovem. 2. Peso, idade e características da carcaça

To obtain slaughter weight and age and the carcass characteristics of young bulls, a feedlot study was conducted at Embrapa Pecuaria Sudeste. A total of 215 animals from Embrapa and private farms, 3 / 8 and ½ Blonde dAquitaine x Nellore; ½ Canchim x Nellore; ½ Limousin x Nellore; ½ Piedmontese x Nellore; Canchim (CA) and Nellore (NE), were used in 1994, 1995 and 1997. The slaughter weights (TRAT) of 400 (I); 440 (II) and 480 kg (III), except for NE cattle (380, 410 and 440 kg), were tested. All animals received, ad libitum, a diet based on 50% whole plant corn silage and 50% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. The live weight of the animals were obtained after fasting of 16 hours. The animals were slaughtered at a commercial packing plant. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance and the means were compared by SNK tests. The straightbred Canchim and all crossbred animals were slaughtered at 231, 252 and 273 kg of hot carcass weight with an average age of 15.4; 16.1 and 16.8 months, for TRAT I, II and III, respectively; while straightbred Nellore were slaughtered at 211.5; 219 and 228 kg hot carcass weight with an average age of 16.4; 17.2 and 17.5 months, for TRAT I, II and III, respectively. The estimated means of days on feedlot, yield of carcass, rib eye area and backfat thickness were: 70.9; 95.1 and 114.7 days; 57.2; 57.7 and 58.3%; 31.4; 30.9 and 30.2 cm 2 /100 kg carcass weight; 2.5; 3.1 and 3.6 mm, for TRAT I, II and III, respectively. The percentage of saleable meat from the hindquarter gunbit cut was similar for all three slaughter weights; while a reduction of the percentage of bones was compensated for by an increase in the percentage of trimmed excess fat with an increase of slaughter weight. There were significant interactions between genetic group and TRAT for estimated slaughter weights, percentage of hindquarter, hindquarter gunbit and forequarter cuts and the rib eye area.

Ajuste de modelos não-lineares em estudos de associação entre polimorfismos genéticos e crescimento em bovinos de corte

Weights at birth, at weaning and monthly from 8 to 19 months of age of the 11 genotype identified by combination of polymorphic RFLPs of the genes kappa-casein-HinfI (CSN3): AA and AB, growth hormone-AluI (GH): LL and LV, and b-lactoglobulin-HaeIII (LGB): AA, AB and BB (G1=AALLAA, G2=AALLAB, G3=AALLBB, G4=AALVAB, G5=AALVBB, G6=ABLLAA, G7=ABLLAB, G8=ABLLBB, G9=ABLVAA, G10=ABLVAB e G11=ABLVBB) were used. Data were obtained from three genetic groups: ½Canchim-Nelore (CN), ½Angus-Nelore (AN) and ½Simmental-Nelore (SN), born in 1998 and 1999 in Southeast Brazil. From five nonlinear models studied: Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Richards, Gompertz and Logistic, the more adequate was the last one. The parameters A (asymptotic value), k (maturing rate) and m (inflection point) estimated by Logistic model for each animal, were analyzed by ordinary least squares, by a linear model that included, besides the overall mean, the fixed effects of the genotype, year of birth, sex and feed management. For the CN genetic groups, was detected significant effect of genotype for A and k parameters estimates. The genotypes G3 showed inferior value of A and superior of k in relation to G7 and G8. Considering the AN and SN genetic groups, the effects of genotype on A, k and m parameters were not significant. Nonlinear model application in this study of association between genetic marker and weight trait in beef cattle provided a fitted analysis of the shape of the growth curve regarding the genotype for the CSN3, GH and LGB genes.

Desempenho de bezerros da raça Nelore e cruzados desmamados recebendo concentrado em pastagem adubada de Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross

In three years of research, 223 purebred Nelore and crossbred Canchim × Nelore, Angus × Nelore and Simmental × Nelore calves received either mineral mixture or 3 kg/animal/day of a concentrate, containing 18.8% crude protein and 81.5% total digestible nutrients, on a dry basis, while in a rotational grazing of Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross, fertilized pastures. Available forage (kg dry matter/ha) was different for paddocks of cattle receiving mineral mixture (2,961 kg) from those receiving concentrate (3,383 kg). However, forage dry matter allowance was higher (9.9 kg/animal/day or 3.9% of BW) for cattle receiving mineral mixture than for cattle receiving concentrate in the diet (9.0 kg/animal/day or 3.3% of BW). Available forage had, on a dry basis, 13.6% crude protein, 79.8% neutral detergent fiber, 62.3% in vitro dry matter digestibility, 3.9 g/kg Calcium, 2.0 g/kg magnesium, 2.5 g/kg phosphorus, 22.7 g/kg potassium, 2.8 g/kg sulfur, 9.9 mg/kg copper, 22.5 mg/kg zinc, 98 mg/kg manganese and 188 mg/kg iron. Statistical interactions of genetic group × supplementation and year × supplementation were observed for average daily gain and for stocking rates while a grazing cycle × supplementation interaction was observed for stocking rates. The average daily gain of Nelore, Canchim × Nelore, Angus × Nelore and Simmental × Nelore, receiving mineral mixture in the diet, were 0.48, 0.63, 0.68 and 0.50 kg, respectively, while those animals receiving concentrate in the diet, were 0.87, 0.95, 0.99 and 0.95 kg, in the same order of genetic groups. Average stocking rates of pastures grazed by all genetic groups receiving mineral mixture in the diet was 6.1 animal units/ha, while the pastures grazed by Nelore, Canchim × Nelore, Angus × Nelore and Simmental × Nelore showed values of 7.5, 7.6, 8.8 and 9.0 animal units/ha, respectively, for animals receiving concentrate in the diet. The genetic group affects performance of cattle grazing coastcross and shows interaction with supplementation of diet with concentrate.

Utilização de NaCl no Suplemento como Alternativa para Viabilizar o Sistema de Alimentação de Bezerros em Creep-Feeding

Thirty two Canchim suckling calves, maintained on rotational grazing system of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, were divided in three groups corresponding to three evaluated treatments: control (without creep-feeding); SAL5 (addition of 5% of NaCl to concentrate fed in creep-feeding); and SAL10 (addition of 10% of NaCl to concentrate fed in creep-feeding). Feeding in a creep-feeding system lasted 90 days, divided in three subperiods of 30 days. The body weight gain was greater in the subperiods 1 and 2 for SAL10 and SAL5 treatments, respectively. There were no differences in the third subperiod and, in the overall period, the SAL10 treatment (0.91 kg.animal-1.day-1) was better than control treatment (0.81 kg.animal-1.day-1). The monthly remuneration provided by the treatments SAL5 e SAL10 related to the control group were -12.5 and 6.0%, respectively. The body weight differentials at weaning, compared to the control group, for creep-feeding provide a monthly net profit of 0, 0.6, 1.2, and 6.0% should be 10.8, 11.0, 11.2, and 12.8 kg.animal-1 for SAL5 and 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, and 9.0 kg.animal-1 for SAL10. It was concluded that the limited supplement intake in creep-feeding was necessary to obtain economic viability.

Comparação de sistemas de avaliação de dietas para bovinos no modelo de produção intensiva de carne. Suplementação do pasto para vacas na estação seca

Thirty Canchim cows, averaged 471 kg of body weight and 50 months old, were fed with supplement during the dry season of 1998, in order to evaluate the precision of the predicted performance for different systems of diet evaluation. The supplements were composed of corn silage, corn grain, citrus pulp, cottonseed meal, soybean meal and whole soybean, in agreement with the recommendations of the Metabolizable Protein System (MP); Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS); and Intestine Digestible Protein System (PDI), for body weight maintenance. The daily body weight change obtained did not differ among treatments CNCPS, MP and PDI, with 0.34; 0.33; and 0.19 kg/head, respectively. When the meat production was the sole objective, the economic analysis revealed R

Peso de Abate de Machos não-castrados para Produção do Bovino Jovem. 1. Desempenho em Confinamento e Custos de Produção

22.00; R

Comparação de sistemas de avaliação de dietas para bovinos no modelo de produção intensiva de carne. II - Creep feeding

-44.73; and R

Limitação do Requerimento Microbiano em Energia Metabolizável Fermentável ou Proteína Degradável na Suplementação do Pasto de Inverno de Vacas da Raça Canchim

47.27/ha/year for MP, CNCPS and PDI systems, respectively. It was concluded that the adjusted supplements provided compatible results with the estimated animal performance.

Causas de variação da produção de leite em um rebanho da raça Holandesa em São Carlos, SP

To obtain the adequate slaughter weights and costs of production of young bulls, a feedlot study was conducted at Embrapa Pecuaria Sudeste, with 234 crossbred Blonde dAquitaine x Nellore (BN); Canchim x Nellore (CN); Limousin x Nellore (LN); Piedmontese x Nellore (PN); and straightbred Canchim (CA) and Nellore (NE) in 1994, 1995 and 1997. At the beggining of the experiment, the animals had 12 months of age and the BN, CA, CN, LN weighed 265 kg, the NE 214 kg and the PN 237 kg. The slaughter weights (TRAT) of 400 (I); 440 (II) and 480 kg (III), except for NE bulls (380, 410 and 440 kg), were tested. A diet with 13% crude protein and 70% total digestible nutrients, based on 50% whole plant corn silage and 50% concentrate, on a dry matter basis, was fed ad libitum. The measurement of weights of the animals were performed after fasting for 16 hours. Data were submitted to the analysis of variance and the means compared by SNK tests. The estimated means of daily weight gain (DWG), daily dry matter intake (DMI), kg and as a percentage of live weight, the feed:gain ratio (FG) and days on feed for TRAT I; II and III were 1.56; 1.49 and 1.44 ± 0.03 kg; 9.01; 9.01 and 9.21 ± 0.13 kg; 2.58; 2.44 and 2.45 ± 0.04%; 5.92; 6.26 and 6.49 ± 0.12; 71.3; 95.6 and 115.3 ± 2.1 days, respectively. The effects of year, genetic group and TRAT were significant for DWG, DMI and FG. The interactions between genetic group and TRAT were not significant. There was an increase in the cost of production of 15 kg of carcass in the feedlot from 39.14 to 40.31 or 40.49 reais with the increase in the slaughter weight from 400 to 440 or 480 kg live weigth, respectively. The monthly net income of the capital invested was reduced from 1.0% to 0.7% or 0.6% for TRAT I, II or III, respectively.