Gero L. Becker

Potent inhibitors of furin and furin-like proprotein convertases containing decarboxylated P1 arginine mimetics

Furin belongs to the family of proprotein convertases (PCs) and is involved in numerous normal physiological and pathogenic processes, such as viral propagation, bacterial toxin activation, cancer, and metastasis. Furin and related furin-like PCs cleave their substrates at characteristic multibasic consensus sequences, preferentially after an arginine residue. By incorporating decarboxylated arginine mimetics in the P1 position of substrate analogue peptidic inhibitors, we could identify highly potent furin inhibitors. The most potent compound, phenylacetyl-Arg-Val-Arg-4-amidinobenzylamide (15), inhibits furin with a K(i) value of 0.81 nM and has also comparable affinity to other PCs like PC1/3, PACE4, and PC5/6, whereas PC2 and PC7 or trypsin-like serine proteases were poorly affected. In fowl plague virus (influenza A, H7N1)-infected MDCK cells, inhibitor 15 inhibited proteolytic hemagglutinin cleavage and was able to reduce virus propagation in a long-term infection test. Molecular modeling revealed several key interactions of the 4-amidinobenzylamide residue in the S1 pocket of furin contributing to the excellent affinity of these inhibitors.

Highly Potent Inhibitors of Proprotein Convertase Furin as Potential Drugs for Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Background: Furin and furin-like proprotein convertases are involved in disease-related processes and have emerged as potential drug targets. Results: The incorporation of basic acyl residues at P5 position provides highly potent inhibitors of furin, PC1/3, PC4, PACE4, and PC5/6. Conclusion: These inhibitors could be potential drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. Significance: The most potent synthetic inhibitors of furin-like proprotein convertases have been developed. Optimization of our previously described peptidomimetic furin inhibitors was performed and yielded several analogs with a significantly improved activity. The most potent compounds containing an N-terminal 4- or 3-(guanidinomethyl)phenylacetyl residue inhibit furin with Ki values of 16 and 8 pm, respectively. These analogs inhibit other proprotein convertases, such as PC1/3, PC4, PACE4, and PC5/6, with similar potency, whereas PC2, PC7, and trypsin-like serine proteases are poorly affected. Incubation of selected compounds with Madin-Darby canine kidney cells over a period of 96 h revealed that they exhibit great stability, making them suitable candidates for further studies in cell culture. Two of the most potent derivatives were used to inhibit the hemagglutinin cleavage and viral propagation of a highly pathogenic avian H7N1 influenza virus strain. The treatment with inhibitor 24 (4-(guanidinomethyl)phenylacetyl-Arg-Val-Arg-4-amidinobenzylamide) resulted in significantly delayed virus propagation compared with an inhibitor-free control. The same analog was also effective in inhibiting Shiga toxin activation in HEp-2 cells. This antiviral effect, as well as the protective effect against a bacterial toxin, suggests that inhibitors of furin or furin-like proprotein convertases could represent promising lead structures for future drug development, in particular for the treatment of infectious diseases.

X-ray Structures of Human Furin in Complex with Competitive Inhibitors

Furin inhibitors are promising therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and numerous infections caused by bacteria and viruses, including the highly lethal Bacillus anthracis or the pandemic influenza virus. Development and improvement of inhibitors for pharmacological use require a detailed knowledge of the protease’s substrate and inhibitor binding properties. Here we present a novel preparation of human furin and the first crystal structures of this enzyme in complex with noncovalent inhibitors. We show the inhibitor exchange by soaking, allowing the investigation of additional inhibitors and substrate analogues. Thus, our work provides a basis for the rational design of furin inhibitors.

Novel Furin Inhibitors with Potent Anti-infectious Activity.

New peptidomimetic furin inhibitors with unnatural amino acid residues in the P3 position were synthesized. The most potent compound 4‐guanidinomethyl‐phenylacteyl‐Arg‐Tle‐Arg‐4‐amidinobenzylamide (MI‐1148) inhibits furin with a Ki value of 5.5 pM. The derivatives also strongly inhibit PC1/3, whereas PC2 is less affected. Selected inhibitors were tested in cell culture for antibacterial and antiviral activity against infectious agents known to be dependent on furin activity. A significant protective effect against anthrax and diphtheria toxin was observed in the presence of the furin inhibitors. Furthermore, the spread of the highly pathogenic H5N1 and H7N1 avian influenza viruses and propagation of canine distemper virus was strongly inhibited. Inhibitor MI‐1148 was crystallized in complex with human furin. Its N‐terminal guanidinomethyl group in the para position of the P5 phenyl ring occupies the same position as that found previously for a structurally related inhibitor containing this substitution in the meta position, thereby maintaining all of the important P5 interactions. Our results confirm that the inhibition of furin is a promising strategy for a short‐term treatment of acute infectious diseases.

New substrate analogue furin inhibitors derived from 4-amidinobenzylamide

A series of new peptidomimetic furin inhibitors was synthesized, which was derived from our previously described lead structure phenylacetyl-Arg-Val-Arg-4-amidinobenzylamide (1). Substitution of Val by other amino acid residues revealed several highly potent furin inhibitors with K(i) values of less than 2nM, containing guanidinoalanine, Ile, Phe or Tyr in the P3 position. The replacement of the P2 Arg by Lys was also well accepted, whereas the incorporation of D-amino acids at various positions resulted in poor inhibitors. The use of the 4-amidinobenzylamide group provides convenient synthetic access to stable proprotein convertase inhibitors and derivatives as biochemical tools and for further studies in cell culture.

Design, synthesis, and characterization of chromogenic substrates of coagulation factor XIIIa

A series of Glu(pNA)-containing peptides was designed to determine the activity of the transglutaminase factor XIIIa at 405 nm due to p-nitroaniline release. The most suitable substrate properties were found for peptides containing the Glu(pNA) residue in the second position from the N terminus. For the best substrate 12 (H-Tyr-Glu(pNA)-Val-Lys-Val-Ile-Gly-NH(2)), a k(cat)/K(m) value of 3531 s(-1)M(-1) was found. Although the k(cat)/K(m) values of the Glu(pNA) peptides are more than 100-fold reduced compared with the previously reported cleavage of natural glutamine-containing substrates such as α(2)-antiplasmin and β-casein, these chromogenic substrates can be useful tools for convenient determination of FXIII-A(2)* activity e.g., for in vitro inhibitor screening. As an example, peptide 12 was used to characterize the inhibition of FXIII-A(2)* by the well-known irreversible inhibitor iodoacetic acid.

Purification of the proprotein convertase furin by affinity chromatography based on PC-specific inhibitors.

Abstract In eucaryotes, many secreted proteins and peptides are proteolytically excised from larger precursor proteins by a specific class of serine proteases, the proprotein/prohormone convertases (PCs). This cleavage is essential for substrate activation, making the PCs very interesting pharmacological targets in cancer and infectious disease research. Correspondingly, their structure, function and inhibition are intensely studied – studies that require the respective target proteins in large amounts and at high purity. Here we describe the development of a novel purification protocol of furin, the best-studied member of the PC family. We combined the heterologous expression of furin from CHO cells with a novel purification scheme employing an affinity step that efficiently extracts only active furin from the conditioned medium by using furin-specific inhibitor moieties as bait. Several potential affinity tags were synthesized and their binding to furin characterized. The best compound, Biotin-(Adoa)2-Arg-Pro-Arg-4-Amba coupled to streptavidin-Sepharose beads, was used in a three-step chromatographic protocol and routinely resulted in a high yield of a homogeneous furin preparation with a specific activity of ∼60 units/mg protein. This purification and the general strategy can easily be adapted to the efficient purification of other PC family members.