Gertie Pretorius

Group Art Therapy with Sexually Abused Girls

The psychological impact of child sexual abuse has been widely researched. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a group art therapy intervention designed by the authors aimed at reducing depression, anxiety, sexual trauma and low self-esteem among 25 sexually abused girls aged 8–11 years. The programme was based on existential-humanistic, Gestalt, client-centred and abuse-focused principles. The Solomon four-group design was used to investigate the efficacy of the intervention, and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children and Human Figure Drawing were used as measures for assessing symptom change. The results indicated that the experimental groups improved significantly compared to the control groups with regard to anxiety and depression. The study adds to the literature on therapeutic approaches that can be applied to sexually abused children and on the use of group art therapy as an intervention technique.

The Lived Experiences of Mothers whose Children were Sexually Abused by Their Intimate Male Partners

Abstract Child sexual abuse is a global phenomenon that affects many families and appears to be increasing dramatically in South Africa. The literature on child sexual abuse focuses mainly on the victims and perpetrators while largely ignoring the experiences of non-offending mothers. The objective of this study was to explore the lived experiences of mothers whose children were sexually abused by their intimate male partners. Existential phenomenology was employed in the study, and Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The results indicate that the participants experienced emotions similar to those following loss including disbelief, anger, guilt, depression, trust and blame.

Reflections on the Scope of Practice in the South African profession of psychology : a moral plea for relevance and a future vision

My aim in this article is to critically reflect on the newly promulgated Scope of Practice for psychologists and to make a moral plea for the profession to become more relevant in South Africa. I draw on the clinical/medical and scientific discourse (Eurocentric vs. Afrocentric) that permeates the profession to demonstrate that a discourse of power operates in the Scope of Practice debates. Thereafter I reflect on the profession of psychology in South Africa and argue that the Scope of Practice is fundamental to the relevance of the profession. I conclude with a moral plea to professionals for the profession to transform from one-on-one counselling, as the sole means of working, to include curative, preventative, and developmental interventions.

Race, Sex and Class in Psychology: Vision of Hope for a Fair and Just South Africa

This opinion piece analyzes the current state of affairs in South African psychology from a philosophical point of view and suggests that the profession is in need of reformative thinking. It also gives a historical background to the current situation in society and the profession. Firstly, I argue that psychology in South Africa is currently in a moral dilemma. Secondly, I suggest that an attempt should be made to sketch a preferred scenario by presenting a moral point of view aimed at developing a post-conventional consciousness. Finally, I provide a broad outline of the steps that could be taken in developing a theory of implementation to achieve the preferred scenario in South African psychology. I argue that a feasible theory of implementation should include a discourse of justification as well as a discourse of application.

The Lived Experience of Losing a Sibling through Murder

Abstract This study explores the grief experiences of young adults in the aftermath of the murder of a sibling. Three young adults were recruited to participate in interviews in which they described their lived experience of loss. Data collection and the subsequent analyses were guided by a phenomenological research design and resulted in the identification of seven major themes, namely (1) shock and disbelief, (2) recollection, guilt and self-blame, (3) rupture and fragmentation, (4) support, (5) justice and revenge, (6) reformulation, and (7) resilience, healing and growth. These themes are discussed with reference to the findings of other documented studies, and the implications for practitioners working with bereaved siblings of murder victims pointed to.

Abused Women in South Africa who Kill their Intimate Male Partners: A Psychological Exploration

The aim of this study was to explore psychological risk factors that may precipitate the murder of a partner by an abused woman. In this article, the authors use multiple case studies and interviews with three women incarcerated for the murder of their partners. Four themes relating to intimate partner violence emerged from the interviews: 1) post-traumatic stress disorder, 2) coercive control, 3) substance abuse and 4) interrelational conflict. The study indicates psychological factors that may precipitate the murder of an intimate partner that should be taken into account when counselling abused women.

Intimate partner abuse of educated, employed black South African women: sociocultural factors

This study aimed to explore the influence of African culture and tradition on the abuse experiences of Black South African women who are educated and employed. Interviews were conducted with seven Black South African women (age range 38 to 47) who are college educated and employed. All participants were married for seven or more years and self-reporting to be in an abusive relationship. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic content analysis. The results indicate sociocultural factors such as patriarchal values within their culture as an underlying reason for their husbands’ abusive behaviour. Abuse seemed likely when the women perceived gender roles that were in conflict with their husbands gender role expectations of them. The cultural expectation that women should not leave a marriage appeared to play an implicit role in their staying in an abusive relationship.

The Lived Experiences of Sex Workers in South Africa: An Existential Phenomenological Exploration

We explored the lived experiences of sex workers in South Africa by employing a phenomenological methodology. Five women between the ages of 34 and 48 years who were/are involved in this industry were interviewed between January and March 2008. Through the use of thematic analysis four common themes in their experiences were identified and are elucidated in this article. These themes are: (a) pervasive experiences of abuse and neglect during childhood, (b) entry into sex work, (c) life as a sex worker and (d) trauma and resilience. The lived experiences of the participants were integrated with the literature in order to create a contextualised picture and a deeper understanding of the experience of a sex worker, as well as to assist informing the debate on sex work in South Africa.

The Male Rape Survivor: Possible Meanings in the Context of Feminism and Patriarchy

This article covers a philosophical investigation into the possible meanings of rape for male survivors. The legal definitions of rape are investigated and the impossibility of male rape—from a legal, personal and social angle—described. An analysis of male rape in feminist theories and philosophies reveals that the dominant discourse on rape has the effect of silencing the voice of the male rape survivor. Prevailing social constructs about the perpetrator of male rape are challenged, and the physiological and psychological sequelae of rape described. A call is made for a conversation in which male and female survivors can participate and where the warrior psyche of the man can be transcended in order to facilitate healing.

Women Who Kill in Post-Apartheid South Africa: A Content Analysis of Media Reports

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the biographical background and nature of the murder of women who have killed in post-apartheid South Africa. Archival newspaper data were examined and analysed for incidence of murders, the relationships between the women and the victims, sourcing of a third party to carry out the murder, the weapons used in the murder and motivations for the murder. The results suggest that most women who murder do so in the context of filicide or mariticide, the victims are typically someone well-known to the women, sourcing of a third party to commit the murder is relatively common, a knife and gun are the most frequently used weapon to commit the murder and that the primary motivations are financial difficulties or gain. Implications for research and practice are discussed.