Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi

The efficient use of electricity in Brazil: progress and opportunities

This paper reviews the efforts made with electricity conservation and DSM programs in Brazil in the recent past. The principal end uses in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors are considered. The status of various electricity-saving measures is examined along with initiatives developed by the National Electricity Conservation Program (PROCEL), utilities and other agencies. While some progress has been made, there remains enormous potential for cost-effective efficiency improvements. We conclude with a discussion of strategies for intensifying electricity conservation efforts in the future.

Conservation potential of compact fluorescent lamps in India and Brazil

LBL-27210 UC-350 ITl1 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Ii;;I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA I APPLI ED SCI ENCE DIVISION Conservation Potential of Compact Fluorescent Lamps in India and Brazil A. Gadgi1 and G. De Martino Jannuzzi July 1989 I APPLIED SCIENCE DIVISION Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract Number DE-AC03-76SF00098.

The structure of electricity demand in the Brazilian household sector

Abstract The present structure of residential electricity demand is analysed by electricity consumption classes and end-uses. Nearly 70% of households consume less than 150 kWh/month and are responsible for 35% of total residential demand. Other determinants of electricity-use, such as income and place of residence, are also discussed. It is found that electricity demand is increasing faster than income as the country reaches appliances saturation in upper consumption levels. Water heating and refrigeration account for the major part of residential consumption. Residential conservation efforts have started introducing more efficient lighting equipment and refrigerators, but further work will have to be done to speed up the diffusion of efficient technology at costs that can be paid by consumers.

Residential energy demand in Brazil by income classes Issues for the energy sector

Abstract Due to the lack of reliable statistical information, the majority of analyses concerning the structure of developing countries energy market of developing countries do not disaggregate the demand by income classes. This component offers important strategies for energy planning in these countries, by making it possible to quantify the portions of society which have not entered the energy market and are more affected by internal energy price rises. This approach also emphasizes that the bulk of energy is consumed by a small fraction of the population, while a significant proportion of households do not benefit from energy services. Issues such as energy conservation, pricing and energy distribution, and the impact of technological changes must be dealt with differently in developing countries, including the characteristics of the structure of their energy markets according to income classes.

Distributed generation for the provision of operating reserves

Among the ancillary services, the operating reserves are important researching aspects, which deal with supplying way and selling-buying prices. Currently, distributed generation (DG) rises as a new participant in providing ancillary services, therefore, it is of main importance in operating reserves subject. This work shows some advantages and technical drawbacks by using DG when operating reserves are supplied. Different sceneries were computed where the electric generation was performed in a centralized and non-centralized way respectively. A methodology for identifying the maximum DG, which can be allocated, is proposed; this maximum level can be assessed without carrying out a negative impact in the network. The operative reserves price provide by generation distribution is analyzed. Diverse DG technologies, which present better performance in supplying such reserves, are also presented.

Implementation and Evaluation of Residential Lighting Projects in Brazil

Residential electricity consumption doubled during the seventies, continued to show high growth rates during the eighties, and averaged 6% per year during 1990-96. About 92% of the households in Brazil are electrified (IBGE 1995). Growth in residential electricity demand, partly as a result from the economic stabilization plan, was the primary factor causing total electricity use to rise rapidly in the past three years. Residential electricity demand is expected to continue to rise faster than total demand in the next decade, as a consequence of population growth (1.6% per year, IBGE projections) and increase in per capita consumption (2.0% per year, ELETROBRAS projections), since the main end-uses are not saturated.

Costs and benefits of a utility rebate program to promote compact fluorescent lamps in Brazilian households

This article presents results of the first utility-sponsored residential lighting rebate programs in Brazil. The costs of conserving electricity via this type of program as well as the impact on CFL sales resulting from different rebate levels are presented. The programs were held in three cities of the state of Sao Paulo and followed the same structure: the same information campaign, lamp products, number and type of vendors, and participation conditions. The results show that with higher rebate more lamps are sold per day, and the number of lamps sold per household and the total savings achieved increase. It was also noticed that the most affluent consumers have higher participation levels, and this applies to all rebate levels tested. In the present analysis rebate costs, administrative costs and all other program costs were included. The results show that the utility program was cost-effective at three rebate levels tested.

The impacts of technical standards for incandescent lamp manufacture in Brazil

In 1996, a new standard for incandescent lamps was put into practice in Brazil, regulating the manufacture of lamp bulbs to be used by customers connected to the low-tension grid. In spite of having five different tension levels throughout the country, the new standard does not include specifications for incandescent lamps designed to operate at 127 V. Regions served by 127 V, which currently include about 20 million households (about half of the present population), now have to use a lamp designed to operate at the 120 V level according to the new standard. We demonstrate that this leads to significant economic and energy losses in households, the electrical sector and the society as a whole. We propose to return to the previous standard which included specifications for incandescent lamps operated at 127 V.

A cost-neutral energy strategy incorporating renewables and energy-efficiency for the city of Manaus in Brazilian Amazonia

Abstract We report an assessment of maximum feasible cost-neutral reduction in the environmental impacts of energy demand growth in the city of Manaus, Brazil. Manaus is a rapidly growing city located in the heart of the Amazonian rainforest (1500 km of rainforest in all directions!). Owing to its geographical isolation, it is attractive to explore the extent to which modern renewable and energy efficiency technologies can move it towards energy sustainability – or at least significantly reduce or delay the next expansion of its conventional energy supply project – without increasing the net present value (NPV) of the energy scenario from the societal perspective. Our results, based on collection and analysis of new and existing data, show that on a technical fix basis (ie, without political support for broader policy changes for reducing conventional energy use), about a quarter of conventional energy consumption for the year 2002 can be cost-neutrally replaced with efficiency and renewables.

Model for the development of competition in the natural gas industry in Brazil

For the last 20 years, several countries have been carrying out structural reforms in the natural gas industry, trying to achieve efficiency and economic rationality with the introduction of competition. This paper presents a model that seeks to stimulate competition in Brazils natural gas industry on the basis of a market projection to 2011, on the international experience and on the characteristics of the the countrys market, infrastructure and regulatory framework. Possible impacts of this model are also provided. According to the market projection carried out in this paper, in 2011 there will be a possible surplus of natural gas in the country. This surplus, allied to trade liberalization in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, can stimulate the development of competition, if some changes are made in the current regulation. The model proposed herein seeks to stimulate non-discriminatory open access through regulation focused on information transparency and tariff regulation to help the development of competition. This would possibly reduce the prices to the end-user through the improvement of economic efficiency and provide additional supply and demand flexibility mechanisms.