Giovanni Cugliari

Risk factors related to sleep bruxism in children: A systematic literature review

OBJECTIVE The aim of this article was to systematically review the literature to identify papers dealing with risk factors associated with sleep bruxism (SB) in children. DESIGN A systematic search was carried out based on the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Oral Health Groups Trial Register and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, LILACs, SciELO. Studies investigating risk factors related to SB after multiple regression analysis and bruxism symptoms assessed with clinical diagnosis or specific questionnaires were searched. Six out of the 4546 initially identified studies were selected. This review was conducted according to the guidelines from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, with reporting in agreement to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. RESULTS Among the six analyzed articles, one randomized clinical trial (RCT) suggested the increase of SB in heavily exposed patients to second hand smoke (SHS) (OR=4.5, CI=2.2-9.4), two cross-sectional studies suggested neuroticism as determinant factor for the development of sleep bruxism (OR=1.9, CI=1.3-2.6), among children and three case-control studies suggested that children with sleep disturbances were more likely to have SB (OR=3.3, CI=1.6-6.6). Parafunctional behaviours (OR=2.3, CI=1.2-4.3) had a moderate association. CONCLUSIONS SHS and sleep disturbances presented the strongest association with SB. The most recurrent source of bias was the lack of blinding procedures. Furthermore, the use of reliable SB diagnostic procedures should be recommended to increase the quality of future studies. The evidence emerged from the considered studies was clinically relevant.

Sleep bruxism in adolescents: a systematic literature review of related risk factors.

Background: Multiple risk factors have been associated to sleep bruxism (SB). Nevertheless, there are still many unsolved issues concerning the etiology of SB that have consequences on the clinical management strategies. Objective: Systematically review the literature to assess the relationship between risk factors and SB symptoms in adolescents (age 11–19 years). Search methods and selection criteria: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Trial Register and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, LILACs, and SciELO were searched to identify all peer-reviewed articles potentially relevant to the review. Data collection and analysis: The risk of bias was assessed according to the guidelines from the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, with reporting in agreement to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Results: Four out of the 4546 initially identified articles were selected. According to the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation assessment (GRADE), the magnitude of agreement was almost perfect for all checklist items. Sleep disturbances, and snoring in particular, headache, jaw muscle fatigue, and tooth wear seem to be associated to SB in adolescents from 11 to 19 years old. Limitations: Despite the large interest of the scientific community in the field of oral parafunctions, only four articles met the eligibility criteria. Furthermore only associations and not definite cause–effect relationships were highlighted in the selected articles. Conclusions: Sleep disturbances presented the strongest association with SB while very few occlusal features had a moderate association. As a common sense the investigation of sleep respiratory disorders could be of great help in the management of SB in adolescents.

Sleep bruxism and related risk factors in adults: A systematic literature review

OBJECTIVE The aim of this article was to systematically review the literature to assess the relationship between risk factors and sleep bruxism (SB) in adults (age ≥18 years). DESIGN A systematic search of the following databases was carried out: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Oral Health Groups Trial Register and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, LILACs and SciELO. Nine out of the 4583 initially identified articles were selected. This review was conducted according to the guidelines from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, with reporting in agreement to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. RESULTS Among the nine analyzed articles, associations between SB and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) (OR=6.6, CI=1.4-30.9) was found in one randomized clinical trial (RCT). Four cross-sectional studies suggested history of SB during childhood (OR=8.1 CI=5.4-12-2), age (OR=3.1, CI=2.3-4.1) and chronic migraine (OR=3.8, C.I=1.8-7.8) as determinant factors for the development of SB. In one case-control study, patients with genetic polymorphisms were more likely to present SB (OR=4.3, CI=1.6-11.3). Smoking (OR=2.8, CI=2.2-3.5) and alcohol intake (OR=1.9, CI=1.2-2.8) showed moderate association in two case-control studies. CONCLUSIONS History of SB during childhood, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and genetic polymorphisms seem to be important risk factors associated to SB in adults. Dry mouth on awakening seems to be a protective factor. Association does not infer with causality. Even if the evidence emerged from the considered studies was clinically relevant, further studies are requested to better understand the biological mechanisms behind the described associations.

The Adapted Italian Version of the Baller Identity Measurement Scale to Evaluate the Student-Athletes’ Identity in Relation to Gender, Age, Type of Sport, and Competition Level

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to validate the properties of the Italian version of the Baller Identity Measurement Scale (i.e., BIMS-IT), a self-report questionnaire based on the athletic and academic identities; and to investigate differences in psychosocial factors such as gender, age, type of sport, and competition level. The dimensionality of the BIMS-IT was explored by means of the exploratory factor analysis, considering the scale’s internal consistency too (Confirmatory Factor Analysis). Results related to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported a model of measurement composed of two correlated factors: the athletic and academic identities and affectivity related to identities. For both factors, differences emerged between age, and competition level sub groups. In particular, higher identity scores emerged for ≤ 24 years old student-athletes with respect to their age counterparts. National sub-elite student-athletes reported lower identity values than those of national elite and international levels. Results suggest that the Italian version of the BIMS-IT is psychometrically robust and could be adopted for empirical uses. The higher identity scores reported by younger and higher competition level participants suggest a correspondent higher involvement into the student-athlete role. However, BIMS-IT represents a distinct model with respect to the original American BIMS, determining the need of further research on the student-athletes’ identity to better clarify any socio-cultural contest effects.

Erratum to: Familiarity affects electrocortical power spectra during dance imagery, listening to different music genres: independent component analysis of Alpha and Beta rhythms

Unfortunately, caption of Fig. 4 published in the original article was incomplete. The complete caption of Fig. 4 is given below. The original article has also been updated. Fig. 4 a Differences in topographical 2-D scalp maps of the eight channels at High Alpha (10–11.5 Hz) frequency band: while listening to classical music between the two groups at Fp1 and T3, among the three kinds of music in dancers group at Fp1 and relating to interaction effect between groups and kinds of music at T3. b Differences in topographical 2-D scalp maps of the eight channels at Low Beta (12–15.5 Hz) frequency band: while listening to classical music between the two groups at Fp1, T3 and O1, among the three kinds of music in dancers group at Fp1 and T3 and relating to interaction effect between groups and kinds of music at Fp1, T3 and O1. Circle identifies the presence of statistically significant differences after FDR multiple comparison test with p value set at p\ 0.05 The original article was corrected.

Relationship of chlorophyll supplement and platelet-related measures in endurance athletes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to verify the effects of protracted intake of chlorophyll on blood counts’ parameters and iron levels in endurance athletes, investigating supposed anti-anemic properties.MethodsTwenty-two endurance athletes were randomly assigned into two groups in a double-blind study: the experimental group (EG) consumed chlorophyll, while the control group (CG) consumed a placebo, at a dose of 1.6 drops × kg per day for 120 days. Blood cell count and the serum iron analyses were carried out before starting the experiment, after 30 days and after 120 days.ResultsEG showed statistically significant increase in platelet distribution width (PDW, MD = 0.83, 95% CI 0.41, 1.38), mean platelet volume (MPV, MD = 0.41, 95% CI 0.19, 0.67) and platelet/large cell ratio (P-LCR, MD = 3.28, 95% CI 1.51, 5.25) after 120 days. No variations in CG were found during the follow-up.ConclusionsThe increase of platelet-related measures could positively influence the endurance performance by reducing pain and fatigue. The supposed ergogenic effects and anti-anemic properties however require further study.

Does occlusal splint affect posture? A randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an occlusal splint on body posture of intra-articular temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders patients. Methods The study was performed on 45 women affected by TMJ disorders divided into an occlusal splint group and a control group. Rasterstereographic recordings were performed at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months, in order to analyze the following postural parameters: trunk inclination, cervical and lumbar arrows, kyphotic and lordotic angles, trunk imbalance, pelvic tilt and torsion. Results Regarding the postural parameters in the intragroup analysis, no significant differences were detected. The analysis between the two groups revealed significant differences concerning the cervical arrow, the kyphotic and lordotic angles. Discussion Even if some differences were found between the control and the occlusal splint group, the low range of statistical significance made these results not significant from a clinical point of view.

Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of aligner fit on teeth

OBJECTIVES The fitting of aligners on anchorage teeth is a crucial factor in clear aligner orthodontics. The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate the fitting of two aligner systems, Invisalign and CA-Clear Aligner, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Passive aligners (Invisalign and CA-Clear Aligner) were adapted on resin casts obtained by stereolithography (STL) files of a patient, and then sectioned buccolingually. Upper and lower central incisors, upper and lower first premolars, and upper and lower first molars were the regions analyzed. Representative microphotographs of sections were taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM); a total of 160 micrometric measurements were obtained and analyzed with ANOVA tests. RESULTS Invisalign provided an overall better fit on lower incisors ( F = 11.48, P = .0095) and on lower molars ( F = 19.93, P = .0012). Considering the different regions, Invisalign provided better fit at the gingival edge of the buccal aspect on lower incisors ( F = 11.33, P = 0.0056) and at the gingival edge of the lingual aspect on upper premolars ( F =5.34, P = 0.0047). On the upper molars, Invisalign provided better fit at the gingival edge of the buccal aspect, while CA-Clear Aligner provided better fit at the buccal maximum convexity, on the buccal cusp, on the occlusal groove and at the palatal cusp. On lower molars, Invisalign showed a more accurate fit at the buccal aspect points. CONCLUSIONS Invisalign and CA-Clear Aligner exhibited comparable fit on anchorage teeth. Invisalign provided better fit at the gingival edges of aligners, while the CA-Clear Aligner provided better fit on complex occlusal surfaces.

Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with Invisalign®: a radiometric study

BackgroundRoot resorption (RR) is described as a permanent loss of tooth structure from the root apex. Many reports in the literature indicate that orthodontically treated patients are more likely to have severe apical root shortening, interesting mostly maxillary, followed by mandibular incisors. The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence and severity of RR in adult patients treated with aligners. The study group consisted of 71 class I adult healthy patients (mean age 32.8 ± 12.7) treated with aligners (Invisalign®, Align Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). All incisors, canines, upper first premolars, and first molars were assessed. Root and crown lengths of 1083 teeth were measured in panoramic radiographs at the beginning (T0) and at the end (T1) of clear aligner therapy. Individual root-crown ratio (RCR) of each tooth and therefore the relative changes of RCR (rRCR) were determined. A decrease of rRCR was assessed as a reduction of the root length during treatment.ResultsAll patients had a minimum of one teeth affected with a reduction of root length, on average 6.38 ± 2.28 teeth per patient. Forty one, 81% of the 1083, measured teeth presented a reduction of the pre-treatment root length. A reduction in percentage of >0% up to 10% was found in 25.94% (n = 281), a distinct reduction of >10% up to 20% in 12.18% (n = 132) of the sample. 3.69% (n = 40) of the teeth were affected with a considerable reduction (>20%).ConclusionsOrthodontic treatment with Invisalign® aligners could lead to RR. However, its incidence resulted to be very similar to that described for orthodontic light forces, with an average percentage of RR < 10% of the original root length.

Frequenza alle lezioni e percezione di utilità delle esercitazioni pratiche nei corsi di laurea in Scienze delle attività motorie e sportive

Providing an explanatory, unambiguous and definitive discussion on the role of the speculative and practices components in the teaching of a discipline is complex. It might seem obvious that scientific and technical disciplines require different learning activity, sometimes more practical, sometimes more theoretical. But these conventional approaches actually are not fully proven. Regarding Human Movement Sciences, historically assigned to the technical-scientific branch, for long time the need to support the practical experiential with theoretical notions was discussed about, with a proper crosscutting approach. The present study aims to investigate these characteristics, specifically trying to clarify some aspects of teaching a practical matter, Artistic Gymnastic, in the course of study in Science of motor and sports activities. Specifically, the results show that students who attend classes getting a final vote higher than non-attending, and those who believe in the utility of active learning of this discipline have a final vote higher than those who believe that the matter has little or no utility. The study tries to provide an objective analysis in a highly subjective area, highlighting details purely related to the conduct of practical exercises in the teaching of sciencetechnique matter.