Gonçalo Cordeiro Ferreira

Linezolid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in paediatric patients: experience of a paediatric infectious diseases unit.

Abstract Linezolid has been used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in adults with encouraging results, however experience in children is scarce. We describe our experience with the use of linezolid as part of a multidrug regimen in the treatment of 4 patients who had persistent positive cultures, despite prolonged combined therapy.

Fulminant myocarditis associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus

Fulminant myocarditis associated with influenza A virus is exceedingly rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature. We describe a previously healthy 10-year-old boy, with a three-day history of flu-like symptoms without antiviral treatment. He was hospitalized with dehydration and hypothermia in the context of persistent vomiting, when he suddenly developed heart failure secondary to fulminant myocarditis. Despite aggressive management, including circulatory support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures, the patient died of cardiogenic shock. The postmortem histopathology was compatible with a multisystem viral infection with myocarditis and pulmonary involvement, and H1N1v polymerase chain reaction was positive. The prevalence of influenza-associated fulminant myocarditis remains unknown. Findings reported in the literature raise the possibility that the novel H1N1 influenza A virus is more commonly associated with a severe form of myocarditis than previously encountered influenza strains.

Severe megaloblastic anaemia in an infant

Vitamin B12 or cobalamin deficiency, a rare clinical entity in pediatric age, is found most exclusively in breastfed infants, whose mothers are strictly vegetarian non-supplemented or with pernicious anaemia. In this article, the authors describe a 10-month-old infant admitted for vomiting, refusal to eat and prostration. The infant was exclusively breastfed and difficulties in introduction of new foods were reported. Failure to thrive since 5 months of age was also noticed. Laboratory evaluation revealed severe normocytic normochromic anaemia and cobalamin deficit. A diagnosis of α-thalassemia trait was also made. Maternal investigation showed autoimmune pernicious anaemia. This case shows the severity of vitamin B12 deficiency and the importance of adopting adequate and precocious measures in order to prevent potentially irreversible neurologic damage.

RSV infection – Risk factors, complications and treatment in two Portuguese hospitals

The aim of this study was to characterize the infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), identify risk factors, complications and compare treatment strategies in children admitted to two Portuguese hospitals. It was a retrospective study performed between January 2005 and December 2006. Demographic and socioeconomic data, risk factors, treatment, compli- cations and medical follow-up were analyzed. A total of 328 children were studied (135 from Hospital Dona Estefˆ ania and 193 from Hospital Fernando Fonseca), about half (52.7%) being male, with a mean age of 5 months. 41% of the patients were from a poor socioeconomic context, 55.8% had older siblings, 32.2% had smoking parents and 11.3% had reactive airway disease. Complications occurred in 76.1% of the patients, namely, hypoxemia (63.5%), secondary bacterial infection (26.5%), atelectasis (11.5%), respiratory failure (10%) and apnea (2.4%). Most of the patients (92.3%) were treated with bronchodilators, 69% had oxygen supplementation, 45% were on antibiotics and 31% were treated with systemic corticosteroids. Ten percent needed mechanical ventilation. Twenty-seven (8.2%) children developed reactive airway disease. Having older siblings (63.1% vs. 49.3% P = 0.05) and being newborn (32.7% vs. 16.5% P = 0.006) resulted as risk factors for complications, while the risk factors identified for bacterial infection were having older siblings (71.4% vs. 55.7%; P = 0.013) and being from a poor socioeconomic context (64.7% vs. 47.6%; P = 0.017). The treatment strategies differed in the two hospitals (Hospital Fernando Fonseca vs. Hospital Dona Estefˆ ania) regarding the use of systemic corticosteroids (1.6% vs. 73.3%, P = 0.000) and antibiotics (39.4% vs. 52.6%; P = 0.011). RSV infections can result in serious complications. According to the current knowledge, most of the therapeutic measures carried out in this study were probably unnecessary. It is important to establish clear national guidelines for the treatment of RSV infection.