Göran Frostell

Effect of Partial Substitution of Invert Sugar for Sucrose in Combination with Duraphat® Treatment on Caries Development in Preschool Children: The Malmö Study

The aim was to study the effect of substitution of invert sugar for sucrose, in combination with fluoride varnish (Duraphat) treatment twice a year, on caries development in preschool children. One hundred and eighty-seven 4-years-olds were divided randomly into four sugar groups: (1) sucrose (S), (2) sucrose-Duraphat (SD), (3) invert sugar (I), and (4) invert sugar-Duraphat (ID). All families were asked to buy beverages, biscuits, breakfast cereals, marmalade, ice cream, jam, ketchup, sweets and table sugar, totally 32 different food items, sweetened with invert sugar or sucrose. The substitution was, thus, restricted to a number of sugar-rich between-meal products. The study was carried out double-blind for 2 years. The children of those parents who did not want to participate in the sugar groups were divided randomly into one of the following two groups: (5) Duraphat (D), and control (C). Because of lack of cooperation, only 114 of the 187 children (61%) were considered to have completed the study. The mean caries increment, including initial lesions, was 3.86 dmfs in the combined groups S and SD (n = 63) and 3.10 dmfs in the combined groups I and ID (n = 51) during the 2 years (p = 0.34). The corresponding values for the 2nd year only were 1.84 and 0.67 dmfs, respectively (p = 0.09). The mean caries increment was 2.86 dmfs in group D (n = 113) and 4.10 dmfs (p = 0.08) in group C (n = 93). If initial caries lesions were excluded from the index, the difference between groups D and C was significant (p = 0.008).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of Chewing Gums Containing Xylitol, Sorbitol or a Mixture of Xylitol and Sorbitol on Plaque Formation, pH Changes and Acid Production in Human Dental Plaque

The aim of the present investigation was to study if xylitol added to a sorbitol-containing chewing gum influenced the pH changes and the acid production activity from sorbitol in plaque. Using a cros

Effects of 3 months frequent consumption of hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (Lycasin®), maltitol, sorbitol and xylitol on human dental plaque

Lozenges containing hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (Lycasin), maltitol, sorbitol or xylitol were consumed 4 times daily during 3 months by 4 groups of persons (in all 85 subjects). In the maltitol-, sorbitol- and xylitol-group the plque wet weights were of the same magnitude before and after the test period. In the Lycasin-group, a higher value was found after than before the 3-month period (p less than 0.01). The acid production in suspensions of dental plaque material from Lycasin, maltitol and sorbitol expressed as per cent of that from glucose was approximately the same before and after the test period. From xylitol no acid production could be demonstrated either before or after the 3-month period. There were no statistically significant differences between the plaque pH-changes induced by rinsing with 50% solutions of Lycasin, maltitol, sorbitol or xylitol before and after the test period. However, there was a tendency (p less than 0.05) towards lower pH-values induced by the maltitrol and sorbitol rinse after the 3-month period compared with before. No difference in the relative numbers of facultative anaerobic streptococci. Streptococcus mutans or facultative anaerobic lactobacilli before and after the test period was found.

Effect of Frequent Rinses with Isomaltulose (Palatinose®) Solution on Acid Production in Human Dental Plaque

Acid production from glucose and isomaltulose (Palatinose®) in dental plaque suspensions was studied before and after subjects rinsed their mouths 6 times daily for 6 weeks with a 15% w/v isomaltulose

Substitution of sucrose by lycasin in candy "the roslagen study".

The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1½ to 2½ years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statistical analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the Lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubst...

The release of fluoride from two products of alginate impression materials

The purpose of this study was to determine the fluoride content of two products of alginate and the possible fluoride transfer to the teeth, saliva and blood. The total fluoride content of Zelgan normal-set and Kerr alginate fastset powder was assayed by direct diffusion and diffusion of the ash. The soluble fluoride leaching out in water over 24 hour was also determined. The results show that the fluoride contents of Zelgan and Kerr alginate powders are about 1.9% and 1.5% fluoride, respectively. Of the fluoride present in Zelgan and Kerr approximately 6.5% and 5.8%, respectively, leached out in 400 ml deionized water. The fluoride uptake was estimated in two adjacent enamel layers each approximately 7 micrometers thick, using 10 teeth exposed for 5 minutes and 18 h to the alginate gel (Zelgan). The results of acid etch microsamplings indicate a significant increase in the fluoride concentration of the first enamel layer after both 5 min and 18 h exposure. Fluoride uptake within the second enamel layer was insignificant, however. Fluoride transfer to the oral saliva and to the blood was evident after impression taking.

Reduction of caries in pre-school children by sucrose restriction and substitution with invert sugar

In Gustavsberg, a suburb of Stockholm, a number of families with 3 year old children were invited to participate in a two year clinical study to demonstrate whether or not an invert sugar diet would lower the caries activity in comparison to a sucrose diet. About a quarter of the families (i.e. 67 children) accepted the offer, making up four invert sugar groups. The parents of the invert sugar groups were given lists of all articles of food available in a modern local supermarket and labelled »Allowed« or »Unsuitable«. »Allowed« were those free from sucrose and »Unsuitable« were all those containing sucrose. A number of other »caries risk products« such as candies, beverages, marmalades, jam, chewing gum etc. in which sucrose was substituted by invert sugar, were also offered at regular prices to the participants. Two contrast groups including 89 children of the same age, lived on ordinary diets and did not have access to invert sugar products. (The expression »contrast group« has been used in this study ...

The effect of chewing on the ph of dental plaques after carbohydrate consumption.

Eighteen volunteers were given a mouth rinse with a 50 per cent sucrose solution and the pH of superficial dental plaque was measured electrometrically after 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes either when the person was continuously chewing paraffin or without paraffin chewing. The paraffin was chewed on one side of the mouth and the samples for measurement of the pH were taken from the other side of the mouth. In one series of experiments paraffin was chewed but the mouth was not rinsed with the sugar solution. The results revealed that the pH-decrease caused by the sugar rinse was diminished significantly by chewing. Chewing paraffin raised the pH by about 0.4, compared with the initial pH-values recorded after 10 minutes. This pH-increase lasted throughout the experimental period of 30 minutes. The difference was statistically significant.

Cariogenicity of Invert Sugar in Long-Term Rat Experiments

In order to study a possible microbial adaptation to invert sugar, 10 groups of Wistar rats, 12 animals per group, were fed a diet containing 56% of either (1) equal amounts of fructose and glucose (invert sugar), or (2) sucrose, by use of an automatic feeding machine. The rats in the first invert sugar group were not infected. After 60 days, samples taken from the oral cavity in each animal in this group were cultured, pooled and then transmitted to a second invert sugar group. Subsequently, a third invert sugar group was infected with material from the second invert sugar group and this procedure was repeated with 10 groups of rats. Parallel with each invert sugar group a sucrose group was also run. The animals in all 10 sucrose groups were infected with a fresh culture of four strains of Streptococcus mutans. In all groups, either fed invert sugar or sucrose, both fissure and smooth surface caries were found. Animals in the sucrose groups developed on an average 1.2 times as many sulcus lesions (p