Göran Sundström

The acute toxicity of 78 chemicals and pesticide formulations against two brackish water organisms, the bleak (Alburnus alburnus) and the harpacticoid Nitocra spinipes

Abstract The toxicity of 78 chemicals and pesticide formulations against the bleak, Alburnus alburnus (Pisces) and the harpacticoid Nitocra spinipes has been tested. The results are expressed as the 96 hr LC(I) 50 i.e. the initial concentration of a substance killing 50 per cent of the test organisms during 96 hours. Among the compounds tested are inorganic and organic compounds (metal salts, solvents and a few more complex compounds such as organotin compounds), pesticide formulations and other industrial chemicals (PCB-substitutes, phthalic acid esters and polychlorinated paraffins).

Chlorinated guaiacols and catechols bioaccumulation potential in bleaks (Alburnus alburnus, Pisces) and reproductive and toxic effects on the har-pacticoid Nitocra spinipes (Crustacea)

Abstract The bioaccumulation potential in bleaks ( Alburnus alburnus , Pisces) and acute toxic and reproductive effects on Nitocra spinipes (Crustacea), of 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol (I), tetrachloroguaiacol (II) and tetrachlorocatechol (III) was investigated. Continuous flow tests with I and II (10 μg/l) gave a rapid bi-phasic uptake in the fish with I and II reaching a level of 4 μg/g fresh weight after 14 d. An equally rapid excretion was determined with the detection limit of I and II being reached after 10 days in pure water. The 96-h LC50 values for I, II and III to N. spinipes was determined to 5.2, 3.9 and 3.3 mg/l, respectively, in static tests. The fecundity of N. spinipes was reduced to 50 % of the control values at 37±6 and 54±4 μ g/l (II) per liter in static and continuous flow tests, respectively.

Partition coefficients of organic chemicals derived from reversed phase thin layer chromatography: Evaluation of methods and application on phosphate esters, polychlorinated paraffins and some PCB-substitutes

Abstract The application of reversed phase high performance thin layer chromatography has been evaluated for determination of octanol-water partition coefficients (P oct ) of organic chemicals. Best correlations between log P oct and R M -values were obtained on a C 18 -bonded stationary phase using acetone-water or acetonitrile-water mixtures as eluting solvent. The latter mixture is preferred in work with high pressure liquid chromatography. A number of aryl and alkyl/aryl phosphate esters, polychlorinated paraffins and chemicals suggested as PCB-substitutes were chromatographed and the corresponding log P oct -values calculated. Values for the phosphate esters corresponded reasonably well with previously reported data while data for other, often more complex compound mixtures ( eg PCB-substitutes), need further evaluation. The use of the chromatographic system for screening purposes in work on environmentally significant data of possible organic pollutants is discussed.

Characterisation of a strongly bioaccumulating hexachloronaphthalene

Abstract Rats were given a technical mixture of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN). Adipose tissue and liver samples were analysed after 1, 10, 30 and 120 days. One of the minor components in the technical product was the dominant PCN compound in the tissues already after 10 days and the only one detectable after 120 days. The concentration of this compound was in all analysed animals much higher (up to 140 times) in the liver than in the adipose tissue. In order to characterise this compound chromatographic and mass spectrometric data were recorded for all available chloronaphthalenes. These data indicate two possible structures, one of which was synthesised in minute amounts. This compound, 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene, was shown to have the same chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties as the bioaccumulating compound.

Management by Results: Its Origin and Development in the Case of the Swedish State

ABSTRACT The paper discusses the origin and development of management by results in Swedish state administration. The historical presence and stability of this political institution is analyzed. It is argued that it can be traced to program budgeting, which was introduced in the early 1960s, and that the institution has been marked by a high degree of stability. An attempt is made to explain the constancy of the steering model. The question is brought to the fore by the fact that the learning process has failed in several respects. The course of events is explained from a historical-institutional perspective and different theories of bureaucratic power. It is asserted that different initial decisions made in connection to the introduction of program budgeting created different positive feedbacks, which were to have stabilizing effects on the institution.

The evaluation of an analytical method for polychlorinated terpenes (PCC) in biological samples using an internal standard

Abstract The quantitative analysis of PCC (Toxaphene) residues in biological samples using gas chromatography with electron capture detection has been evaluated. Dechlorane 603, a chloroalicyclic compound is used as internal standard and modifications of the injection system for proper evaporation of this high-boiling compound is described. In the cleanup procedure PCB (and 1 – 3 % of the PCC) are removed by adsorption chromatography. Chlordane components and DDT compounds remaining in the PCC fraction constitute 5 – 10 % and 13 – 16 %, respectively, of the peak area in the chromatograms of the samples investigated. The quantitative results are influenced by the number of PCC-peaks chosen for the calculations and have to be specified together with the PCC-levels reported. The recoveries of PCC from spiked samples (20 ug PCC per gram crude fat above “natural” level) are 61 – 98 %, the lower figures obtained with samples containing low levels of PCC-residues. The practical limit of detection is about 10 ng PCC per g extracted fat.

Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) in Swedish white-tailed eagles and in grey seals a preliminary study

Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) are industrial chemicals claimed to be used for the same purposes as the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), known as ubiquitous pollutants. The PCT have been detected in environmental samples such as Canadian I 2-4 herring gulls, wildlife samples from western Europe and in Japanese human 5-9 blood and fat. In the human blood samples the PCT levels were found to be higher than those of PCB although there was a smaller industrial output of PCT (2-3 000 tons) in Japan than of PCB (58 000 tons) shortly before the year of 8 sampling, 1974.

Determination of the toxic impurities 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazoxybenzent in commercial diuron, linuron and 3,4-dichloroaniline samples

Abstract Methods are described for the determination of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) in diuron and linuron formulations and in 3,4-dichloroaniline. The formulations were extracted with acetone, and after removal of solvent, the residue was partitioned between methanol-water and hexane. 3,4-Dichloroaniline products were partitioned between methanol-1M hydrochloric acid and hexane. The hexane extracts were purified by column chromatography on silica gel and analysed by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Detection limits for TCAB and TCAOB were around 0.1 ug/g using samples of one gram. Levels of 5.5 – 28 ug TCAB and 1.9 −

Governing the Embedded State : the Organizational Dimension of Governance

Governing the Embedded State integrates governance theory with organization theory and examines how states address social complexity and international embeddedness. Drawing upon extensive empirical research on the Swedish government system, this volume describes a strategy of governance based in a metagovernance model of steering by designing institutional structures. This strategy is supplemented by micro-steering of administrative structures within the path dependencies put in place through metagovernance. Both of these strategies of steering rely on subtle methods of providing political guidance to the public service where norms of loyalty to the government characterize the relationship between politicians and civil servants. By drawing upon this research, the volume will explain how recent developments such as globalization, Europeanization, the expansion of managerial ideas, and the fragmentation of states, have influenced the states capacity to govern. The result is an account of contemporary governance which shows the societal constraints on government but also the significance of close interaction and cooperation between the political leadership and the senior civil servants in addressing those constraints.

The use of the bivalve Mytilus edulis as a test organism for bioconcentration studies: II. The bioconcentration of two 14C-labeled chlorinated paraffins

The bioconcentration of two 14C-labeled chlorinated paraffins (CP) has been studied in a flow-through test system using the common mussel Mytilus edulis. Both CPs showed a rapid uptake rate and the CP with C16 carbon chain and 34% chlorination had a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of about 7000 (fresh weight). The CP with a C12 carbon chain and 69% chlorination had a very high BCF of almost 140,000 which on a lipid weight basis corresponds to a BCF of around 8,000,000. The C12-CP showed a slow depuration rate in analogy with what has been observed earlier in fish. Radioactivity was recovered from both the fat and protein fractions after exposure to the C12-CP with a level in the protein of about two orders of magnitude lower than in the fat. It is concluded that studies with CPs so far reported indicate that short carbon chain/high chlorinated chlorinated paraffins are strongly bioaccumulating and persistent chemicals.