Gordon Weetman

Effects of repeated nitrogen fertilization on the ericaceous shrub, salal (Gaultheria shallon), in two coastal Douglas-fir forests

Abstract We measured the cover of salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh) in two forests of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) that had received repeated applications of nitrogenous fertilizers. In a trial at the Pack Forest in Washington, USA, salal was eliminated in a plot that had been fertilized with nitrogen alone (1540 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate and urea between 1950 and 1982), but was unchanged in a plot that received phosphorus and sulfur in addition to nitrogen (1082 kg N ha−1). In a trial near Parksville, B.C., Canada, salal cover was reduced with increasing amounts of nitrogen, and was eliminated in plots that received 600 kg N ha−1 as urea in three applications. Reductions were less pronounced in plots that received sulfur in addition to nitrogen. In the Pack Forest trial, the cover of snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake) increased in the plot in which salal was eliminated; in the Parksville trial, no other species became more abundant in the absence of salal. The stem volume and the stem volume increment in each plot, an indirect measure of the amount of shading, was not related to salal cover in the plots. In the Parksville trial, concentrations of sulfur in salal leaves in plots fertilized with at least 600 kg N ha−1 were lower than in control plots. No nutrient imbalances were apparent in salal leaves in fertilized plots in the Pack Forest trial. High concentrations of ammonium and nitrate in the forest floors in fertilized plots may render salal less competitive, or may interfere with ericoid mycorrhizae, contributing to reduced cover of salal in forests receiving repeated applications of nitrogen.

Understory competition effect on tree growth and biomass allocation on a coastal old-growth forest cutover site in British Columbia

We studied the effect of salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) competition on height, diameter and biomass growth and biomass partitioning in coniferous trees planted to a recent clearcut site of old growth western red cedar-western hemlock (CH) forest on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Tree species used were western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr). Salal removal treatment was initiated at the time of planting in spring 1987. Plots were fertilized with 200 kg N ha−1 in spring 1991 and destructively sampled in fall 1992. Height growth from planted to 1989, in 1992 and total height growth were significantly greater in treated plots (salal removed) than in the control plots (salal remaining). Salal removal had a rather uniform impact on height growth for the three species tested. Total root collar diameter was 38% (P < 0.1), 88% (P < 0.05), and 65% (P < 0.05) greater in the treated plots than in the control plots, for red cedar, hemlock and spruce, respectively. Exclusion of understory vegetation had resulted in biomass increases of all the components (namely in the 1-year and 2-year foliage and branches and the older than 3-year components and various sized roots) we studied. Improved tree growth in the treated plots was attributed to the reduced uptake and immobilization of N and other nutrients by the competing understory. Below-ground understory was found to be quite persistent to surviving even after a prolonged period (6 years) of above-ground understory vegetation removal Biomass allocation among the components studied was virtually unchanged by the presence of the competing understory, except in two instances. This result was quite different from most of the other reports on biomass partitioning under competition. Our hypothesis that salal competition for nutrients increases biomass partitioning to current year foliage and branch and roots was rejected. Unchanged partitioning is prooably a way of response to nutrient deficiencies according to the resource depletion model of competition processes. Non-significantly higher biomass partitioning was observed in the 1-year foliar and branch and 0.25–1 cm root components. It was therefore possible that the 1991 fertilization alleviated the nutrient shortage problem which led to the rejection of the hypothesis.