Graham D. Fenwick

Effect of Gender Composition on Group Performance

The effect of gender composition on group performance was investigated over three years using the MARKSTRAT 2 simulation. Senior undergraduates formed groups and competed within five-firm (group) industries over 10 weeks, as well as submitting group reports on their performances. Performance and report marks were independent of group size and individual performance in other course assessment. Women per group (numbers, percentage, gender ratio) was positively related to simulation performance, with few women-dominated groups ranking lower than first or second within each industry. Very few all-men groups achieved first or second rankings. There were no significant correlations between group gender compositions and marks for the group written report. Womens more interactive, people-oriented and co-operative work styles apparently facilitate the MARKSTRAT 2 group process and, when combined with mens more analytical decision-making tendencies and competitive orientation, appear to explain the superior performances of mixed groups. The emergence and utilization of these tendencies within groups are discussed in terms of Social Contact Theory and Competition Theory. Although generalizations from student-based studies to the workplace is problematic, the results indicate that groups may be more effective when women outnumber or equal men, especially in complex management activities requiring extensive information management and processing, planning and decision-making over protracted periods.

The effect of wave exposure on the amphipod fauna of the alga Caulerpa brownii

Abstract Amphipods inhabiting the alga Caulerpa brownii Endlicher var. selaginoides J. Agardh were sampled from four depths at two stations at Kaikoura, New Zealand. Wave exposure differed between stations, and sample sites were ranked in order of wave exposure. Samples and species were classified by the ‘flexible’ sorting strategy using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measure. Replicate samples were grouped at low levels of dissimilarity. The complex relation between water movement, sediment, and fauna is discussed. Water movement is the main factor determining faunal structure through its influence on habitat stability and predictability. The direct and indirect effects of water movement on species occurrence are examined, with particular reference to the domiciliary habits of species. Nestling species are most common overall, whereas tube-dwellers and inquilines favour exposed conditions. Ubiquitous species are mainly unspecialised tube-dwellers and nestlers. The importance of different amphipod families inhabiting the alga is discussed in relation to the value of the superfamily Corophioidea as an ecological grouping.

Plankton swarms and their predators at the Snares Islands (note)

Abstract At times two species of euphausiids (Nictyphanes australis and N. capensis) and three species of hyperiid amphipods (Hyperia luzoni, Parathemisto gandichaudii, and P. gracilipes) occur in swarms close to the shores of the Snares Islands. Four species of birds (Daption capense, Diomedea bulled, Lams novaehollandiae, and Puffinus griseus) and six species of fish, including four reef fish (Latris lineata, Mendosoma lineatum, Notothenia angustata, N. microlepidota, Pseudolabrus cinctus and P. fucicola), were observed feeding on these Crustacea. These swarms seem to be important to the Snares Islands ecosystem as food for the large populations of petrels breeding there.

Effect of a Buy-National Campaign on Member Firm Performance

Abstract Country of origin (COO) effects on consumer purchasing processes have been studied extensively, but the effectiveness of using this cue to encourage buying of domestically produced goods is poorly understood. The performance of firms belonging to the Buy New Zealand-Made Campaign over its first 5 years is compared with that of nonparticipating firms in four industries. Annual sales and staff numbers changed over the period, but differences between campaign members and nonmembers within each industry were not significant. These findings are discussed in terms of benefits to and attributes of member and nonmember firms and consumer responses to buy-national campaigns.

The shallow-water gammaridean Amphipoda of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand and Australia: Melitidae, Hadziidae

Abstract The marine melitid and hadziid amphipods of The Snares, the Auckland Islands, Campbell Island and Macquarie Island are reported from collections made between 1961 and 1980. The number of melitid species known from these islands is increased from 3 to 14. Two new genera and 4 new species are described: Ceradocopsis macracantha, Gammarella hybophora, Hoho hirtipalma and Tagua aporema. All 13 species from The Snares are new records; 5 of the 8 species from the Auckland Islands are new records; all of the 8 species from Campbell Island are new records; and the occurrence of Ceradocopsis kergueleni at Macquarie Island is the first record of a melitid amphipod from that island. A new genus and species of hadziid amphipod, Zhadia subantarctica, is reported from the Auckland Islands.

Life history and population biology of the giant ostracod Leuroleberis zealandica (Baird, 1850) (Myodocopida)

Abstract A population of this large myodocopid ostracod was studied over 2 yr by random core-sampling of the medium sand bottom at Kaikoura, New Zealand. Leuroleberis zealandica (Baird) passes through seven instars, it is sexually mature only in the final instar and sexes were distinguishable from instar IV. Males and females were equally abundant except in the final instar when the morphologically distinct males were rarely found. The population consists of three cohorts at any one time and each cohort appears to split into fast- and slow-growing individuals during the sixth instar resulting in life times of 1.8–2.0 and 2.7–3.1 yr, respectively. Females produce only one brood of 37 eggs on average per life time that are carried throughout the 5–6 month development period during which there is no loss of embryos. Recruitment is discrete with most broods released in midsummer when the population density may exceed 350·0.1 m−2. A second lesser recruitment may occur in early spring in some years. Hatched juveniles released from the female grow rapidly to instar IV within 6 months and, although size increments at each moult are proportionally similar, intermoult periods tend to increase with size with some variation according to seasonal growth rates. Instar life tables constructed from instar density data showed a large difference in the frequency of embryos initiating each cohort, very different mortalities at recruitment between cohorts, and that the mortality rates between instars I and VI of different cohorts appear to be independent of density. The biology of Leuroleberis is compared with the few published accounts of myodocopid biology. In addition, several aspects of the biology of myodocopids are reviewed. These include numbers of instars in different taxa, within-instar sexual size disparities, numbers of broods per female life time, egg and brood sizes in relation to adult female size in various taxa, and the question of post-adult moulting.

Echinodermata of The Snares islands, southern New Zealand

Habitat information, frequency of occurrence at depth ranges, collections and sight records, and live colours of Echinodermata from The Snares (48 ° 07′S, 166 ° 36′E) are recorded. Forty species are now known from the islands, 16 of which are new records. The Snares appear to be an ecotone between southern New Zealand (Forsterian Province) and the southern islands (Antipodean Province) having stronger affinities with southern New Zealand.

Life-histories of four-co-occurring amphipods from a shallow, sand bottom at Kaikoura, New Zealand

Abstract The life histories of 4 co-occurring amphipods, Hippomedon whero Fenwick, Patuki roperi Fenwick, Diogodias littoralis (Cooper & Fincham), and Protophoxus australis Barnard, from a sand bottom at 6 m were examined by random quantitative sampling. Densities of all species increased from lowest (12–130 0.1 m−2) in winter (May–August) to summer (December) or autumn (March) maxima of 168–580 0.1 m−2; in Protophoxus some of this variation was attributable to winter immigration. Size-frequency analyses of monthly collections indicated that species populations consisted of 5–10 cohorts and that 5–12 cohorts were produced annually. Summer cohorts lived for up to 300 days, but over-wintering cohorts (spring breeders in Protophoxus) lived longer than their respective summer cohorts. Females of all species lived considerably longer than males. Some females of all species carried embryos in most months but there was appreciable recruitment only in spring-summer (September–December) in Patuki and Diogodias, co...

Zonation of inshore benthos off a sewage outfall in Hawke Bay, New Zealand

Abstract Benthos was sampled quantitatively on a rectangular grid perpendicular to shore directly off a sewage outfall. Faunal samples were washed through a 0.5 mm sieve, and resulting species frequency data subjected to the ‘flexible’ classification. Crustacea and Polychaeta contributed most of the 100 species; most individuals were polychaetes. Five groups of species were found. Five faunal zones parallel to shore and progressively wider further offshore were distinguished. Community structure increased offshore, and faunal density decreased offshore from the second zone. Inshore zones were obviously polluted, with the capitellid Heteromastus filiformis occurring in densities up to 36 950 per square metre 500 m from shore. Furthest from shore, the fauna was more ‘normal’ with Heteromastus densities of 6000 per square metre. Unique to New Zealand shores is a dense (440 per square metre) zone of holothurians at 8–10 m depth. Deposit‐feeders dominated all stations with mean sediment sizes finer than 1.0 , ...

Taxonomy and ecology of Phreatoicus typicus Chilton, 1883 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Phreatoicidae)

Phreatoicus typicus Chilton, 1883 was the first described species of the isopod family Phreatoicidae The species is here redescribed using three female specimens from the syntype series, of which one is designated as lectotype Until this paper, males of this species had not been described and the biology of the species was poorly understood New specimens of both sexes from Canterbury Plains (South Island, New Zealand), collected as a part of a year‐long environmental survey of groundwater wells near sewage oxidation ponds, are used to supplement the species redescription The survey also collected data on the biology of phreatoicids and environmental correlates to their presence Males off typicus showed only limited sexual dimorphism, and were similar to those of a related species, P oraru Nicholls, 1944 Phreatoicus tyspicus is easily separated from P oraru and Neophreatoicus assimilis (Chilton, 1894) using characters apparent in the mandible, maxillula and pleotelson tip Among four wells that were subject...