Graziela Baptista Vidaurre

Propriedades energéticas da madeira e do carvão de paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy potential of wood and coal of Schizolobium amazonicum (parica). The trees were collected in the region of Dom Eliseu - PA, at ages 5, 7, 9 and 11 years and sectioned in four logs of 2.7 m each. By using the thermogravimetric analysis of wood, mass loss as a function of temperature was determined. The higher calorific value was obtained according to NBR- 8633 standard. Gravimetric yield in coal and its chemical composition were also determined. There was significant effect of age and height in the log only at the temperature range from 300 to 400oC. The wood calorific value was influenced by the age of trees and the highest value was observed at the age of 5 years. The gravimetric yield and chemical composition of charcoal were not affected by the age of the trees.

CARACTERÍSTICAS ANATÔMICAS E PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-MECÂNICAS DAS MADEIRAS DE DUAS ESPÉCIES DE MOGNO AFRICANO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anatomical characteristics and wood physical-mechanical properties of two African mahogany species (Khaya ivorensis and Khaya senegalensis). Five trees of each species with 19-years-old, proceeding from experimental parcels in the areas of the Reserva Natural Vale, located in Sooretama, Espirito Santo State, Brazil. For the anatomical characteristics samples were taken at the position of transition between heartwood and sapwood (peripheral heart). In the evaluation of the specific density were used two opposing wedges from discs gotten in the corresponding region to the diameter the height of the breast (DHB), taken the 1,30 m of the ground, and in positions 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height of the tree. For shrinkage 20 samples obtained randomly throughout the trunk of each species. The mechanical tests were carried through in removed samples of the central large plank, to the discarded the pith. The species were different how much to the type and frequency of vases and porosity. Rays were predominantly multiseriates, heterocellulars and fibers are libriform. The wood of Khaya ivorensis has low specific density and wood of Khaya senegalensis has medium specific density. The two wood species have normal dimensional stability. In relation the mechanical properties, the Khaya senegalensis wood had the biggest values for all the carried through tests.

RESISTÊNCIA DE DUAS ESPÉCIES DE BAMBU TRATADAS CONTRA FUNGOS XILÓFAGOS

This work aimed to evaluate the resistance of bamboo species Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus giganteus, after being exposed to three methods of chemical preservative treatments against the action of Postia placenta and Polyporus fumosus fungi. The treatment methods employed were transpiration (integral and ruptured diaphragm), long-term immersion and Boucherie modified. The bamboo stems were transformed into culms of 2.0 m long and treated in a solution of 1 or 3% active ingredient (a.i.) of a commercial product based on copper, chromium and boron (CCB). In the methods by transpiration and the long-term immersion, culms were exposed in solutions for periods of 5, 10 or 15 days, while in the modified Boucherie method there was no segregation of treatment between times of treatment. To assess the effectiveness of the treatments, Postia placenta and Polyporus fumosus fungi were employed. From the results obtained it was observed that, on average, for both species of bamboo and tested methods, the mass loss of samples of bamboo, after undergoing the fungal attack, was low, varying from 2.44 to 14.26%.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistencia de bambus das especies Bambusa vulgaris e Dendrocalamus giganteus apos serem expostos a tres metodos de tratamentos quimicos preservativos, contra a acao dos fungos Postia placenta e Polyporus fumosus. Os metodos de tratamento empregados foram o de transpiracao (diafragma integro e rompido), imersao prolongada e Boucherie modificado. As hastes de bambu foram transformadas em colmos de 2,0 m de comprimento e tratadas em solucao de 1 ou 3% de ingredientes ativos (i.a.) de um produto comercial a base de cobre, cromo e boro (CCB). Nos metodos por transpiracao e imersao prolongada, os colmos foram expostos nas solucoes por periodos de 5, 10 ou 15 dias, enquanto no metodo de Boucherie modificado nao houve segregacao do tratamento entre tempos de tratamento. Para avaliar a eficiencia dos tratamentos, foram empregados os fungos Postia placenta e Polyporus fumosus. A partir dos resultados, observou-se que, em media, em ambas as especies de bambu tratadas e metodos empregados, a perda de massa das amostras de bambu, depois de submetidas ao ataque dos fungos, foi baixa, tendo variado de 2,44 a 14,26%.

ENERGY ESTIMATE AND CARBON STOCK IN SHORT-ROTATION EUCALYPTUS STANDS

A utilizacao da biomassa como fonte de energia alternativa tem obtido destaque por suas caracteristicas energeticas, contribuicao ambiental e por ser fonte de energia renovavel em curto periodo de producao. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a producao da biomassa e sequestro de carbono de eucalipto em diferentes condicoes de crescimento. Foram determinadas a densidade basica da madeira, volume individual com e sem casca, biomassa seca, carbono acumulado, dioxido de carbono assimilado e estimativa energetica dos componentes da parte aerea de dois clones do hibrido de E. grandis x E. urophylla aos 6 e 12 meses de idade, em diferentes espacamentos e provenientes de duas areas, uma irrigada e outra nao irrigada. Os maiores valores de biomassa seca e massa de carbono foram provenientes dos clones nos espacamentos mais adensados e regiao irrigada. O efeito da irrigacao foi significativo nas variaveis estudadas apenas nos clones com 12 meses. A quantidade de CO2 assimilada no fuste, folha e galho foram maiores nos espacamentos mais amplos e regiao irrigada dos clones com 12 meses. A estimativa energetica do fuste aumentou com a ampliacao do espacamento. Entre os componentes arboreos, a casca sofreu menor influencia dos espacamentos e irrigacao.

EFEITO DO ESPAÇAMENTO, DA IDADE E DA IRRIGAÇÃO NOS COMPONENTES QUÍMICOS DA MADEIRA DE EUCALIPTO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of age, irrigation and spacing on the chemical composition of eucalyptus wood. The materials used were two clones of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, ages of 6 and 12 months, from planting in two regions, one irrigated and the other not irrigated, with spacings of 3 x 0.5; 1.5 x 2; 3 x 1; 3 x 2; and 3 x 3 meters. In the chemical analysis of the wood, a sampling was conducted composed of six discs obtained along the tree trunk. At the end of this study, it was possible to notice the influence of age, spacing and irrigation in the chemical composition of the wood, and that the content of holocellulose did not follow trend pattern, with different results for each treatment. Higher values of extractives content occurred in non-irrigated clones and aged six months, with no influence of spacing. The major results of lignin content were obtained in greater spacings, although results tendency of lignin content was not seen for age and irrigated treatment. The ash content was higher at the age of six months and there was no results tendency for different spacings and regions.

Tensão de Crescimento no Lenho de Eucalyptus benthamii e sua Relação com Características Dendrométricas em Diferentes Espaçamentos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of planting eucalyptus wood with respect to its dendrometric characteristics and longitudinal residual strain (LRS) of the wood, and the relationships between these variables. The material used was Eucalyptus benthamii at five years of age in 2×3, 3×3, 3×4 and 4×4 m spacing. The projection of the crown was determined by measuring eight spokes with variable angles, and maps of crown distribution and projection were prepared. Measurements of LRS were taken 1.30 m above the ground in the four cardinal directions in living trees, with the aid of strain meters (Growth Strain Gauge) by the CIRAD-Foret method. There was great variability in the results of the growth variables and levels of growth stresses for different spacing. The lowest average values of LRS were observed in the south direction, and increased spacing did not significantly alter the LRS values. Correlations between LRS and growth variables were only found with maximum LRS values ​for each tree.

RADIAL GROWTH DYNAMICS OF Khaya ivorensis TREES FROM EXPERIMENTAL PLANTATION

1 Received on 02.12.2016 accepted for publication on 23.01.2018. 2 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Jerônimo Monteiro, ES Brasil. E-mail: <denise_soranso@hotmail.com> and <j.gabrielmissia@hotmail.com>. 3 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Centro de Ciência Florestais e da Madeira, Jerônimo Monteiro, ES Brasil. Email: <grazividaurre@gmail.com> and <jtsilva@npd.ufes.br>. 4 Universidade Federal de Goiás, Setor de Engenharia Florestal, Goiânia, GO Brasil. E-mail: <mpchagas@gmail.com>. 5 Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Produtos Florestais, Seropedica, RJ Brasil. E-mail: <latorraca@hotmail.com>. *Corresponding author.

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING DENDROMETRIC PARAMETERS AND EUCALYPTUS WOOD QUALITY FOR PULPING WOOD

The productive sustainability of eucalyptus planting is threatened when both diseases and disorders of growth occur. These interferences can have abiotic origin as environmental conditions can negatively affect the wood quality. This study has the goal of evaluating influence of different levels of physiological disorders in dendrometric variables and wood quality from seven-year-old Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla hybrids intended for wood pulping production. The trees from commercial plantations in State of Maranhão, Brazil were separated into three levels of physiological disorders by means of morphologic changes. Then, they were evaluated according to dendrometric variables, anatomical characteristics, chemical properties, density of wood, and kraft pulp process. The physiological disorder levels significantly influenced all evaluated properties. Moreover, the wood from trees with higher severity of symptoms resulted in higher average values of dendrometric variables, basic density, and fibers dimensions. In addition, apparent density exhibited a different standard in the pith region with increase on radial wood profile. Trees with the least severe disorders exhibited changes in dendrometric and anatomical variables, mainly in wood volume and fibers dimensions, respectively. v.24 n.1 2018 PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS AFFECTING DENDROMETRIC PARAMETERS AND Eucalyptus wood QUALITY FOR PULPING WOOD

Influências do Diâmetro e Umidade da Madeira na Qualidade do Tratamento Preservativo

Were evaluated the effects of moisture content and diametric class in industrial treatment quality of Corymbia torelliana and Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla fence posts. 108 fence posts were used, 36 treated and 18 non-treated, with 2.20m long and moisture content of 15 to 20%; 20 to 30%; and 30 to 40% and diameters of 8 to 10cm; 10 to 12cm; 12 to 14cm. For treatment, were used 2% active ingredients of CCA-C, initial and final vacuum 550 mmHg (30min), pressure of 11 kgf cm-2 (1h). The fence posts were evaluated by electric meter that was adequate to estimate the moisture. Satisfactory penetrations were obtained and the biggest retention was reached in fence posts with moisture of 15 to 20% (8.23 kg m-3), however, the moisture content of 30 to 40% was also suitable for the treatment of wood, getting values higher than 6.5 kg m-3.

Effect of Spacing, Age and Irrigation on the Volume and Basic Density in Eucalyptus

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of age, irrigation and spacing, on the volume and basic density of Eucalyptus wood. We used two clones of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla with age of six and twelve months, sowed in two regions, one irrigated and other unirrigated, with spacing of 3×0.5, 1.5×2, 3×1, 3×2 and 3×3 m. The volume was estimated according to the method of Smalian as well as the weighted density. The larger volume of wood per hectare values were obtained in the close spacing and irrigated region. Wider spacing showed higher specific gravity values timber for clone A; however, clone B didn’t change with spacing. The comparison of average density values for the clones in irrigated and non-irrigated areas, showed similar results in most studied spacings.