Grazyella Massako Yoshida

Extruded snacks with the addition of different fish meals

Tilapia, salmon, tuna and sardine meals were prepared to develop and analyze extruded snacks with residue meal from fish processing. Residue meals were included in five types of corn snacks: control (0% fish meal) and four with 9% tilapia, salmon, tuna and sardine meals. Although moisture, lipids and carbohydrates rates did not differ among the snacks, protein rates increased with the increment of fish meal, reaching 11.85% in the tuna snack. Tuna and sardine snacks had the highest iron levels. The most abundant fatty acids were linoleic, oleic, palmitic, linolenic and stearic acids, with sardine, salmon and tuna snacks presenting the highest values of n-3 series fatty acids. Greater luminosity rate was reported for salmon snack, followed by tilapia, tuna and sardine snacks. The highest sensory acceptance index was verified in tilapia (78.07%) and salmon (72.40%). A 9% addition of residue meals of tilapia, salmon and tuna improved the nutritional value of the snacks.

Whole genome linkage disequilibrium and effective population size in a coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) breeding population

The estimation of linkage disequilibrium between molecular markers within a population is critical when establishing the minimum number of markers required for association studies, genomic selection and for inferring historical events influencing different populations. This work aimed to evaluate the extent and decay of linkage disequilibrium in a coho salmon breeding population using ddRAD genomic markers. Linkage disequilibrium was estimated between a total of 7,505 SNPs found in 62 individuals (33 dams and 29 sires) from the breeding population. The makers encompass all 30 coho salmon chromosomes and comprise 1,655.19 Mb of the genome. The average density of markers per chromosome ranged from 3.45 to 6.11 per 1 Mbp. The minor allele frequency averaged 0.20 (with a range from 0.08 to 0.50). The overall average linkage disequilibrium among SNPs pairs measured as r2 was 0.054. The Average r2 value decreased with increasing physical distance, with values ranging from 0.37 to 0.054 at distances lower than 1 kb and up to 10 Mb, respectively. An r2 threshold of 0.1 was reached at distance of approximately 1.3 Mb. Chromosomes Okis05, Okis15 and Okis28 showed high levels of linkage disequilibrium (> 0.20 at distances lower than 1 Mb). Average r2 values were lower than 0.1 for all chromosomes at distances greater than 4 Mb. Linkage disequilibrium values suggest that whole genome association and selection studies could be performed using about 75,000 SNPs in aquaculture populations (depending on the trait under investigation). From the identified SNPs, an effective population size of 100 was estimated for the population 10 generation ago, and 1,000, for 139 generations ago. Based on the extent of r2 decay, we suggest that at least 75,000 SNPs would be necessary for an association mapping study. Over 100,000 SNPs would be necessary for a high power study, in the current coho salmon population.

Population genomic structure and genome-wide linkage disequilibrium in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) using dense SNP genotypes

Chilean Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations were established with individuals of both European and North American origins. These populations are expected to be highly genetically differentiated due to evolutionary history and poor gene flow between ancestral populations from different continents. The extent and decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD) among single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) impacts the implementation of genome-wide association studies and genomic selection and provides relevant information about demographic processes of fish populations. We assessed the population structure and characterized the extent and decay of LD in three Chilean commercial populations of Atlantic salmon with North American (NAM), Scottish (SCO) and Norwegian (NOR) origin. A total of 151 animals were genotyped using a 159K SNP Axiom® myDesign™ Genotyping Array. A total of 40K, 113K and 136 K SNP markers were used for NAM, SCO and NOR populations, respectively. The principal component analysis explained 86.7% of the genetic diversity between populations, clearly discriminating between populations of North American and European origin, and also between European populations. Admixture analysis showed that the Scottish and North American populations likely come from one ancestral population, while the Norwegian population probably originated from more than one. NAM had the lowest effective size, followed by SCO and NOR. Large differences in the LD decay were observed between populations of North American and European origin. A r2 threshold of 0.2 was estimated for marker pairs separated by 8,000 Kb, 42 and 64 Kb in the NAM, NOR and SCO populations, respectively. In this study we show that this SNP panel can be used to detect association between markers and traits of interests and also to capture high-resolution information for genome-enabled predictions. Also, we suggest the feasibility to achieve higher prediction accuracies by using a small SNP data set as was used with the NAM population.