Gregg J. Brunskill

Spatial trends and historical profiles of organochlorine pesticides in Arctic lake sediments

Sediment cores were collected from eight remote lakes in Canada, along a mid-continental transect from 49°N to 82°N, with the objective of examining latitudinal and temporal differences in deposition of a wide range of persistent, semi-volatile, organochlorine (OC) pesticides such as DDT, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and toxaphene. Samples were collected with a specially constructed ☐ corer (30 × 30 cm), or with large (10-cm) KB corers, from the deep basins of lakes at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) (49°30′N), Saqvacjuaq (63°39′N), Cornwallis Island (75°07′N), Axel Heiberg Island (79°N), and Northern Ellesmere Island (Lake Hazen; 82°N). Sediment slices were dated using210Pb and137Cs. Sediment extracts were analyzed by high-resolution GC-ECD with confirmation by GC-MS. Concentrations of total DDT ( ΣDDT) in surface sediments (0–1.3 cm depth) declined significantly with latitude from 9.7 ng/g (dry wt.) in ELA sediments to 0.10 ng/g in Lake Hazen. HCB levels showed a reverse trend; organic carbon normalized concentrations increased with latitude. Concentrations of other OC pesticides (total HCH, total chlordane, toxaphene, and dieldrin) were generally in the range of 0.1–3 ng/g, with the sites at 63°N and 75°N generally having the highest levels. The profiles of ΣDDT and total chlorobenzenes in all the mid-continental lakes showed maxima in slices dated from the late 1970s to the 1980s, which is about 5–10 years later than maxima reported for Lake Ontario. The results generally support several of the predictions of the cold condensation hypothesis.

Uranium-Series Nuclides in Sediment, Water, and Biota of Saqvaqjuac Inlet, a Subarctic Estuary, N.W. Coast Hudson Bay

Saqvaqjuac Inlet (63°39′N., 90°39′W.) is a fjord-like estuary of the Saqvaqjuac River on the northwest coast of Hudson Bay. Surface water salinities vary from 5–30‰, and deeper water is 33–34‰ and sometimes anaerobic. Isolated and shallow-silled small bays of the inlet have anaerobic, hypersaline (up to 100‰) deep waters. River discharge and atmospheric deposition are major sources of Pb-210 and Po-210, and these nuclides are inversely related to salinity. Sea water inputs from the tides, and sediment diagenesis appear to be sources of U-238, Ra-226, and Th-230, and they are positively related to salinity. Hypersaline anaerobic waters are usually depleted in U and Ra, and enriched in Pb-210 and Po-210. Bioconcentration factors for these nuclides in estuarine biota will be given, and the highest factors (105 to 106) were found for Pb-210 and Po-210 in hepatopancreas of crabs and pyloric caecae of Greenland cod.