Guadalupe García De La Torre

Cigarette smoking: knowledge and attitudes among Mexican physicians

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of the smoking habit among Mexican physicians as well as some of their attitudes and information on specific issues concerning smoking. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 1993, a survey was carried out among 3,568 physicians of the three major official health care institutions in Mexico City. A questionnaire designed for The Mexican National Survey of Addictions (ENA 1993) was used. Prevalence of cigarette smoking, age of onset, number of cigarettes per day; also information and attitudes concerning smoking were assessed. RESULTS The mean age was 37, 66% were males. Of the 3,488 (98%) surveyed, 26.9% were smokers (62% daily), 20.6% were ex-smokers and 52.5% non-smokers. There were differences related to age and sex (p < 0.05). Of daily smokers, 36% smoked between 1 and 5 cigarettes. There was a significant trend among ex-smokers that linked the time they had ceased smoking with the fear to start smoking again. Physicians were well informed of the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Over 80% considered tobacco an addictive drug but only 65% were in favor of banning smoking from their workplaces and over 10% were not aware that it is forbidden to smoke inside health care facilities. CONCLUSIONS These results differ from other studies that find the prevalence of smoking among physicians lower than in the general population. Our study revealed a greater prevalence of the smoking habit among female physicians and the number of cigarettes smoked per day was greater than in the general population regardless of sex.

Enteroparasitosis en poblaciones indígenas y mestizas de la Sierra de Nayarit, México

We compared the prevalences of enteroparasitoses from 420 individuals, 306 of them wereindigenous and 114 were mestizo persons, without gender differentiation, and of all ages from theNayarit mountain range. Six field trips were made to the region during one year to collect the stoolsamples, some individuals provided only one sample and other even five. Stool samples weresuspended 1:5 with 10% formalin for their transportation to Mexico City, where they were processedby direct parasitoscopic analysis with lugol solution We found

Antibody Responses to Escherichia coli O157 and Other Lipopolysaccharides in Healthy Children and Adults

ABSTRACT In Mexico, diarrheal disease due to different serotypes of Escherichia coli is highly prevalent, with only sporadic isolation of O157 non-H7 strains. This could be due to exposure to the O157 or related E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), such as O7 or O116, at an early age. By using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting, the present study analyzed 605 serum samples from Mexican adults and infants without clinical symptoms of disease for the presence of antibodies to these three E. coli LPSs. The bactericidal activities of homologous and heterologous rabbit and human serum samples against O7, O116, and O157 E. coli LPSs were also determined. By using a cutoff point of 0.7, it was found by the ELISAs that 28 of 562 (5%) of the serum samples from adolescents and adults and 2 of 43 (5%) of the serum samples from infants less than 1 year of age reacted with the O157 LPS. By using cutoff points between 0.4 and 0.699, the proportion of serum samples from both age groups that reacted with the O157 LPS increased to 20%. Western blotting analysis of selected serum samples that showed an intermediate response against the O157 LPS by the ELISAs showed that 61 of 88 (69%) reacted with the same LPS. A similar result was observed for maternal milk samples. The bactericidal activities of rabbit serum samples against the O7, O116, and O157 LPSs showed that they were positive for both homologous and heterologous antigens. Similar results were observed with the human serum samples. O157 non-H7 strains were identified in only 10% of the E. coli strains isolated from 263 Mexican children with and without diarrhea over the past 15 years. This absence of O157:H7 strains in Mexico may be associated with the presence of antibodies against O157 or related E. coli LPSs.

Insecticide and community interventions to control Triatoma dimidiata in localities of the State of Veracruz, Mexico

Three different interventions to control Triatoma dimidiata in the State of Veracruz were implemented: X-1 = whole dwelling spraying, X-2 = middle wall spraying, X-3 = household cleaning. Cyfluthrin was sprayed 3 times with 8 month intervals. After each spraying, insects were collected and sent to the laboratory to be recorded and to determine genus and species of the adult triatomine bugs, and nymphs were counted. Trypanosoma cruzi presence was determined. With X-1, the infestation, colonization, and natural infection indexes were reduced to 0% in the 3 localities, with respect to t0. With X-2, the infestation index was reduced to 10% at t3 in 3 localities; the colonization index was reduced to 0% in only 1 locality at t3, and the natural infection index was reduced to 0% at t3. With X-3 the 3 indexes were not effectively reduced but they decreased with respect to the baseline study. Insecticide application to the whole dwelling is a more efficient intervention than its application to only the lower half of the walls and to the cleaning of houses.

Abortion, contraceptive use, and adolescent pregnancy among first-year medical students at a major public university in Mexico City

OBJECTIVE If properly trained, medical students could become future opinion leaders in health policy and could help the public to understand the consequences of unwanted pregnancies and of abortions. The objective of this study was to analyze the frequency of unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions that had occurred among women who were first-year medical students at a major public university in Mexico City and to compare the experiences of those women with the experiences of the general population of Mexican females aged 15 to 24. METHODS In 1998 we administered a cross-sectional survey to all the first-year medical students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, which is the largest university in Latin America. For this study we analyzed 549 surveys completed by female students. RESULTS Out of the 549 women, 120 of them (22%) had been sexually active at some point. Among those 120 sexually active students, 100 of them (83%) had used a contraceptive method at some time, and 19 of the 120 (16%) had been pregnant. Of those 19 women who had been pregnant, 10 of them had had an illegal induced abortion (in Mexico, abortions are illegal except under a small number of extenuating circumstances). The reported abortion rate among the female medical students, 2%, was very low in comparison with the 11% rate for women of similar ages in the Mexican general population. CONCLUSIONS The lower incidence of abortion among the female medical students indicates that when young Mexican women have access to medical information and are highly motivated to avoid unintended pregnancy and abortion, they can do so.