Guilherme Morais Puga

Type 2 Diabetes Elicits Lower Nitric Oxide, Bradykinin Concentration and Kallikrein Activity Together with Higher DesArg9-BK and Reduced Post-Exercise Hypotension Compared to Non-Diabetic Condition

This study compared the plasma kallikrein activity (PKA), bradykinin concentration (BK), DesArg9-BK production, nitric oxide release (NO) and blood pressure (BP) response after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise performed by individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. Ten subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 10 without type 2 diabetes (ND) underwent three sessions: 1) maximal incremental test on cycle ergometer to determine lactate threshold (LT); 2) 20-min of constant-load exercise on cycle ergometer, at 90% LT and; 3) control session. BP and oxygen uptake were measured at rest and at 15, 30 and 45 min post-exercise. Venous blood samples were collected at 15 and 45 minutes of the recovery period for further analysis of PKA, BK and DesArg9-BK. Nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) was analyzed at 15 minutes post exercise. The ND group presented post-exercise hypotension (PEH) of systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure on the 90% LT session but T2D group did not. Plasma NOx increased ~24.4% for ND and ~13.8% for T2D group 15min after the exercise session. Additionally, only ND individuals showed increases in PKA and BK in response to exercise and only T2D group showed increased DesArg9-BK production. It was concluded that T2D individuals presented lower PKA, BK and NOx release as well as higher DesArg9-BK production and reduced PEH in relation to ND participants after a single exercise session.

Exercise and spirulina control non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and lipid profile in diabetic Wistar rats

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is associated with metabolic dysfunctions, including alterations in circulating lipid levels and fat tissue accumulation, which causes, among other pathologies, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Aim of the studyThe objective of this study was to analyse the effects of physical exercise and spirulina intake on the control of NAFLD in diabetic Wistar rats.MethodsDiabetes was induced in the animals through intravenous administration of alloxan. The rats were divided into four groups: Diabetic Control (DC) - diabetic rats fed with a control diet and no physical exercise; Diabetic Spirulina (DS) - diabetic rats fed with a diet that included spirulina; Diabetic Spirulina and Exercise (DSE) - diabetic rats fed with a diet that included Spirulina and that exercised; and Diabetic Exercise (DE) - diabetic rats fed with a control diet and that exercised.ResultsThe groups DS, DSE, and DE presented lower plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol than DC, as well as lower levels of total liver lipids in groups DS, DSE, and DE in comparison to DC.ConclusionThus, spirulina appears to be effective in reducing total circulating levels of LDL-cholesterol and hepatic lipids, alone or in conjunction with physical exercise in diabetic rats.

Influence of eNOS gene polymorphism on cardiometabolic parameters in response to physical training in postmenopausal women.

The health-promoting effects of exercise training (ET) are related to nitric oxide (NO) production and/or its bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphism of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene at positions -786T>C, G894T (Glu298Asp) and at the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) Intron 4b/a would interfere with the cardiometabolic responses of postmenopausal women submitted to physical training. Forty-nine postmenopausal women were trained in sessions of 30-40 min, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Genotypes, oxidative stress status and cardiometabolic parameters were then evaluated in a double-blind design. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were significantly reduced after ET, which was genotype-independent. However, women without eNOS gene polymorphism at position -786T>C (TT genotype) and Intron 4b/a (bb genotype) presented a better reduction of total cholesterol levels (-786T>C: before = 213 ± 12.1, after = 159.8 ± 14.4, Δ = -24.9% and Intron 4b/a: before = 211.8 ± 7.4, after = 180.12 ± 6.4 mg/dL, Δ = -15%), and LDL cholesterol (-786T>C: before = 146.1 ± 13.3, after = 82.8 ± 9.2, Δ = -43.3% and Intron 4b/a: before = 143.2 ± 8, after = 102.7 ± 5.8 mg/dL, Δ = -28.3%) in response to ET compared to those who carried the mutant allele. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in trained women whereas no changes were observed in malondialdehyde levels. Women without eNOS gene polymorphism at position -786T>C and Intron 4b/a showed a greater reduction of plasma cholesterol levels in response to ET. Furthermore, no genotype influence was observed on arterial blood pressure or oxidative stress status in this population.

Combined effects of aerobic exercise and l-arginine ingestion on blood pressure in normotensive postmenopausal women: A crossover study.

After menopause the incidence of cardiovascular diseases increases in women. A decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been pointed out to play a major role in this phenomenon. Since it is believed that l-arginine administration could improve NO bioavailability, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute l-arginine administration associated with aerobic exercise on blood pressure (BP), redox state and inflammatory biomarkers in normotensive postmenopausal women (NPW). Sixteen volunteers (57±6yr) were subjected to four experimental sessions (crossover design): arginine+exercise (A-E); arginine (ARG); exercise+placebo (EXE); control (CON). Each session was initiated with either 9g of l-arginine ingestion (ARG or A-E days), placebo (EXE day), or nothing (CON day). The participants performed 30min of aerobic exercise (A-E and EXE days) or sitting rest (CON and ARG days). Blood samples were collected before each session and 45min after the intervention. Office BP and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) were evaluated. NO/cGMP pathway, redox state and inflammatory biomarkers were measured. Systolic BP decreased during the 24-hour in A-E and EXE sessions. However, diastolic BP reduced only in A-E session. No changes were found in the biomarkers concentrations. In conclusion, the association was effective in lowering diastolic BP in NPW. Additionally, physical exercise alone promoted a long lasting effect on systolic BP measured by ABPM in this population, although this beneficial effect was not associated with changes in the cardio-inflammatory biomarkers. Possibly, other factors such as neural influences could be mediating this effect.

Effects of aerobic and resistance exercise intensities on 24-hours blood pressure in normotensive women

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los efectos de las intensidades del ejercicio aerobico y resistido en las respuestas de la presion arterial de 24 horas en mujeres normo tensas. Veinticuatro mujeres (33 ± 9 anos) participaron de cinco sesiones experimentales en orden aleatoria: CON - sin ejercicio; AE50 - 50% de la frecuencia cardiaca de reserva (FCR); AE70 - 70% de la FCR; RE40 - 40% de 1 repeticion maxima (RM) y RE70 - 70% de 1RM. Las medidas de la presion sistolica (PAS) y diastolica (PAD) y la FC fueron realizadas durante 24h despues del ejercicio en el local de trabajo. Las sesiones AE50, AE70 y RE40 demostraron efectos mayores y mas duraderos en la PAS, y permanecieron durante las 24h. En la PAD hubiera respuestas similares, con hipotension hasta 7 horas despues del ejercicio. Con excepcion de la sesion AE70, donde perduro por 24h. Los resultados demostraron que tanto los ejercicios aerobicos cuanto los resistidos realizados por la manana pueden reducir la PA abajo de la linea de base y perdurar por 24h durante un dia normal de trabajo. El ejercicio aerobico realizado a 50% de la FCR puede proporcionar mejores resultados en la regulacion tanto de la PAS cuanto de la PAD en esa populacion.

Los efectos de las intensidades del ejercicio aeróbico y resistido en las respuestas de la presión arterial de 24 horas en mujeres normo tensas

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los efectos de las intensidades del ejercicio aerobico y resistido en las respuestas de la presion arterial de 24 horas en mujeres normo tensas. Veinticuatro mujeres (33 ± 9 anos) participaron de cinco sesiones experimentales en orden aleatoria: CON - sin ejercicio; AE50 - 50% de la frecuencia cardiaca de reserva (FCR); AE70 - 70% de la FCR; RE40 - 40% de 1 repeticion maxima (RM) y RE70 - 70% de 1RM. Las medidas de la presion sistolica (PAS) y diastolica (PAD) y la FC fueron realizadas durante 24h despues del ejercicio en el local de trabajo. Las sesiones AE50, AE70 y RE40 demostraron efectos mayores y mas duraderos en la PAS, y permanecieron durante las 24h. En la PAD hubiera respuestas similares, con hipotension hasta 7 horas despues del ejercicio. Con excepcion de la sesion AE70, donde perduro por 24h. Los resultados demostraron que tanto los ejercicios aerobicos cuanto los resistidos realizados por la manana pueden reducir la PA abajo de la linea de base y perdurar por 24h durante un dia normal de trabajo. El ejercicio aerobico realizado a 50% de la FCR puede proporcionar mejores resultados en la regulacion tanto de la PAS cuanto de la PAD en esa populacion.

Efeitos das intensidades de exercícios aeróbios e resistidos nas respostas de pressão arterial durante 24 horas em mulheres normotensas

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los efectos de las intensidades del ejercicio aerobico y resistido en las respuestas de la presion arterial de 24 horas en mujeres normo tensas. Veinticuatro mujeres (33 ± 9 anos) participaron de cinco sesiones experimentales en orden aleatoria: CON - sin ejercicio; AE50 - 50% de la frecuencia cardiaca de reserva (FCR); AE70 - 70% de la FCR; RE40 - 40% de 1 repeticion maxima (RM) y RE70 - 70% de 1RM. Las medidas de la presion sistolica (PAS) y diastolica (PAD) y la FC fueron realizadas durante 24h despues del ejercicio en el local de trabajo. Las sesiones AE50, AE70 y RE40 demostraron efectos mayores y mas duraderos en la PAS, y permanecieron durante las 24h. En la PAD hubiera respuestas similares, con hipotension hasta 7 horas despues del ejercicio. Con excepcion de la sesion AE70, donde perduro por 24h. Los resultados demostraron que tanto los ejercicios aerobicos cuanto los resistidos realizados por la manana pueden reducir la PA abajo de la linea de base y perdurar por 24h durante un dia normal de trabajo. El ejercicio aerobico realizado a 50% de la FCR puede proporcionar mejores resultados en la regulacion tanto de la PAS cuanto de la PAD en esa populacion.