Gunther Köhler

New Species of Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) from Central Peru

Abstract A new species of toad, Bufo chavin, is described from two localities (3010 and 3070 m) from the eastern Andean slopes of central Peru (Departamento de Huánuco, Provincia de Pachitéa, Distrito de Chaglla) where it occurs sympatrically with Bufo spinulosus. Bufo chavin is referred to the Bufo veraguensis group. The new species differs from all members of this group by having large, elevated, elongate glands on each forearm and tibia, two large, elevated, elongate glands on the outer dorsal margin of each foot and one small, elevated gland on the outer dorsal margin of each hand. Eggs are relatively large, yolky and unpigmented in the new species. Se describe una nueva especie de sapo, Bufo chavin, procedente de dos localidades (3010 y 3070 m) en la vertiente oriental de los Andes del Perú central (Departamento de Huánuco, Provincia de Pachitéa, Distrito de Chaglla) donde se presenta simpátricamente con Bufo spinulosus. Bufo chavin es incluido al grupo Bufo veraguensis. La especie nueva difiere de todos los miembros de este grupo por tener una glándula larga, elevada y elongada en cada antebrazo y tibia; dos glándulas grandes, elevadas y elongadas en el margen dorsal externo de cada pie; y una glándula pequeña elevada en el margen dorsal externo de cada mano. En la especie nueva, los huevos son relativamente grandes, presentan abundante yema y no están pigmentados.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF ANOLES FORMERLY REFERRED TO AS ANOLIS LIMIFRONS (SQUAMATA: POLYCHROTIDAE)

We describe two new species of anoles (genus Anolis) from Panama formerly referred to as Anolis (or Norops) limifrons. Both new species differ from A. limifrons by having a large bilobed hemipenis (small and unilobed in A. limifrons). The new species differ from each other in male dewlap size and coloration. We provide an identification key and standardized descriptions of A. limifrons and the two new species described herein.

Two Sympatric New Species of Phrynopus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from a Cloud Forest in the Peruvian Andes

Abstract Two new sympatric species of Phrynopus are described from cloud forest (3020–3380 m) of the eastern slopes of the Andes in central Peru (Departamento Huánuco). Both new species appear to be members of the Phrynopus peruanus group.

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF ANOLES (GENUS ANOLIS) FROM THE SERRANÍA DE TABASARÁ, WEST-CENTRAL PANAMA (SQUAMATA: POLYCHROTIDAE)

We describe four new species of anoles (genus Anolis) from the Serranía de Tabasará, west-central Panama. Two of the new species are most similar in external morphology to a cluster of Central American species that are short-legged (fourth toe of adpressed hindlimb reaches only to tympanum), have a single elongated prenasal scale, smooth ventral scales, and slender habitus, often delicate. They differ from the other species in this cluster by hemipenial morphology and scalation characteristics. One of the new species appears to be most similar to A. pachypus and A. tropidolepis from which it differs by male dewlap coloration and its very small dorsal head scales. The fourth new species appears to be most similar to A. laeviventris from which it differs by its multicarinate head scales, lack of heterogeneous flank scalation, and an overall green coloration.

A Revision of the Anolis sericeus Complex with the Resurrection of A. wellbornae and the Description of a New Species (Squamata: Polychrotidae)

Abstract We describe a new species of anole (genus Anolis) from Honduras formerly referred to as Anolis (or Norops) sericeus. The new species differs from A. sericeus by having a small unilobate hemipenis (large and bilobate in A. sericeus) and by having large male and no female dewlaps (small dewlaps present in both sexes in A. sericeus). Furthermore, we resurrect Anolis wellbornae for the populations of anoles on the Pacific versant of Nuclear Central America formerly referred to as Anolis (or Norops) sericeus. Anolis wellbornae differs from A. sericeus in the mean values of several scalation and morphometric characters and by having large male and no female dewlaps (small dewlaps present in both sexes in A. sericeus). Anolis wellbornae differs from the new species described here by having a large bilobate hemipenis (small and unilobate in the new species). We provide an identification key and standardized descriptions of A. sericeus, A. wellbornae, and the new species described here.

Characters of external morphology used in Anolis taxonomy—Definition of terms, advice on usage, and illustrated examples

With the aim of establishing a reference for taxonomists, I describe and discuss characters of external morphology that have been used widely in descriptions of Anolis (sensu lato) species. For most characters, images are provided to illustrate the terms and definitions. Where appropriate, I give advice on how the counts and measurements should be done.

A new golden frog species of the genus Diasporus (Amphibia, Eleutherodactylidae) from the Cordillera Central, western Panama

Abstract We describe the frog species Diasporus citrinobapheus sp. n. from the Cordillera Central of western Panama. The new species differs from all other species in its genus in coloration, disk cover and disk pad shape, skin texture, advertisement call, and size. It is most similar to Diasporus tigrillo, from which it differs in dorsal skin texture, relative tibia length, number of vomerine teeth, ventral coloration, dorsal markings, and relative tympanum size, and to Diasporus gularis, from which it can be distinguished by the lack of membranes between the toes, adult size, posterior thigh coloration, and position of the choanae. We provide data on morpho- logy, vocalization, and distribution of the new species, as well as brief information on its natural history.

Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment.

The last decades have witnessed a rapid increase in our knowledge about amphibian diversity, and a growing number of studies have focused on anuran larval stages. Tadpoles can provide key information for conservation issues and the understanding of amphibian evolution. Moreover, research in tadpoles has the potential to advance species delimitation in the diverse and still understudied Neotropical amphibian fauna. In this study we present morphological tadpole characterisations of 41 lowland species illustrated by detailed imagery (mainly of live specimens). The larvae were identified via captive breeding and genetically using recently published DNA barcodes of adult Bolivian frogs. Tadpoles of three species (Rhinella mirandaribeiroi, Dendropsophus melanargyreus, and D. salli) are described for the first time. The descriptions of 38 tadpoles are at least new for Bolivia (due to the divergent status of many of the Bolivian lineages, further studies are needed to clarify their taxonomy). In addition, we provide information on tadpole habitats, which--combined with morphological data--reveal ecomorphological guilds that further illustrate Bolivias lowlands tadpole diversity.

New Species of Tricolor Leptotyphlops (Reptilia: Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae) from Central Peru

Abstract A new species of slender blind snake, Leptotyphlops alfredschmidti, is described from two localities (2940 and 3090 m) from the western Andean slopes of central Peru (Departamento de Ancash, Provincia de Huarmey). Leptotyphlops alfredschmidti is referred to the Leptotyphlops tesselatus group. The new species shares with Leptotyphlops teaguei and Leptotyphlops tricolor a tricolor body pattern of red, black, and yellowish longitudinal stripes but differs from all members of the group in several features of coloration pattern and pholidosis.

New Species of Anolis Formerly Referred to as Anolis altae from Monteverde, Costa Rica (Squamata: Polychrotidae)

Abstract I describe a new species of Anolis formerly referred to as Anolis (or Norops) altae from Monteverde, Costa Rica. The new species differs from Anolis altae by having a small unilobate hemipenis (large and bilobate in A. altae), in male dewlap coloration (male dewlap more or less uniformly reddish-orange in A. altae versus basal portion yellow ocher to orange yellow, distal portion reddish-orange in the new species), and in the mean values of several scalation and morphometric characteristics (e.g., ratio tail length/SVL 1.8–2.2, mean 2.1 in A. altae vs. 1.7–1.9, mean 1.8 in the new species). At this point no characteristics, besides geographic location, are known to separate females of the new species from A. altae.