Gurkirat Kaur

Quality Assessment and Physicochemical Characteristics of Bran Enriched Chapattis

Cereal brans singly and in combination were blended at varying levels (5 and 10%) for development of Chapattis. Cereal bran enriched Chapattis were assessed for quality and physicochemical characteristics. On the basis of quality assessment, 10% enrichment level for Chapatti was the best. Moisture content, water activity, and free fatty acids remained stable during the study period. Quality assessment and physicochemical characteristics of bran enriched Chapattis carried out revealed that dough handling and puffing of bran enriched Chapattis prepared by 5 and 10% level of bran supplementation did not vary significantly. All types of bran enriched Chapattis except rice bran enriched Chapattis showed nonsticky behavior during dough handling. Bran enriched Chapattis exhibited full puffing character during preparation. The sensory attributes showed that both 5 and 10% bran supplemented Chapattis were acceptable.

Cereal starch nanoparticles—A prospective food additive: A review

ABSTRACT Starch is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature and is typically isolated from plants in the form of micro-scale granules. Raw starch has limited applications due to its innate disadvantages such as poor solubility in cold water, tendency to retrograde and high viscosity once it is gelatinized. Therefore, some degree of modification is required to enhance its functionality. Starch nanoparticle is one of the products of such modification. Chemical, enzymatic, and physical treatments are used for the preparation of starch nanoparticles and to study their granular and molecular structures. Characterization of starch nanoparticles on the size distribution, crystalline structure, and physical properties in relation to the starch sources and preparation methods can be done using various characterization tools e.g. Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Florescence Microscopy, etc. Starch nanoparticles can be used as a food additive as it has adverse range of uses in food such as emulsion stabilizer, fat replacer, Thickener, or rheology modifier etc.

Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Cereal Bran Enriched Ready to Eat Breakfast Cereal Porridge

Background: In the current study, porridges were analyzed for antioxidant properties (total phenolic content-TPC, DPPH radical scavenging activity-DPPH-RSA and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity-TEAC) extracted with acetone, methanol and hexane under conventional and microwave assisted extraction. Methods: Two extraction methods (traditional and microwave assisted) with different solvents (acetone, hexane and methanol) were followed for potential extraction of antioxidants. Results: The effect of system solvents and different types of brans employed for the precise quantification of antioxidant properties showed that for various types of bran enriched porridge; methanol gave the highest yield of total phenolic content followed by acetone and hexane under both extraction methods. The level of supplementation of brans increased the total phenolic content of porridge significantly (P≤0.05). Methanolic extracts of all cereal bran enriched porridge showed the highest values for percent inhibition of DPPH-RSA. With the ABTS method (TEAC), wheat bran enriched methanolic extracts showed the highest values (up to 8.88 TEµmole/g). Conclusion: Bran enriched porridge showed high phenolic content having high antioxidant activity, which could be serve a potential ingredient for consumer health. Moreover, methanol was found to be effective in solvent extraction of phenolic compounds.

Comparative Study on Functional, Rheological, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Native and Modified Cereal Flours

Effect of extrusion on the functional, rheological, thermal, and morphological properties of the modified cereal flours from different cereals was assessed. Rice flour, wheat flour, and flour, in combination (rice: wheat, 50:50) were passed through twin screw extruder to obtain modified cereal flours at variable conditions (barrel temperature: 175 and 190°C, feed moisture: 14 and 16% and screw speed: 500 rpm). Functional properties (water absorption index, water solubility index, swelling index, and viscosity) improved in modified cereal flours as compared to the unmodified flours. Modified flours showed lower paste viscosity as compared to unmodified flours, which was a desirable property for modified flours to be utilized as a functionality ingredient in food products. Processed flours recorded higher onset (To), peak (Tp), and endset (Te) temperature and showed higher enthalpy change (∆H) than the raw cereal flours. Degree of gelatinization was higher in flours processed at higher barrel temperature and feed moisture. The morphological pattern of modified flours was determined by scanning electron microscopy. The starch surface of cereal flours (modified and unmodified) differed from each other with respect to their morphological pattern.

Response Surface Analysis for Preparation of Modified Flours using Twin Screw Extrusion Cooking

Abstract Rice flour, wheat flour and flour in combination (rice:wheat::50:50) were used to prepare modified flour using co-rotating twin screw extruder. The effects of barrel temperature, feed moisture and screw speed on product responses (specific mechanical energy[SME], expansion ratio and bulk density) were studied using response surface methodology. Extrusion variables were barrel temperature (125, 150 and 175°C), moisture content (14, 16 and 18%) and screw speed (300, 400 and 500 rpm). Expansion ratio was directly affected by barrel temperature, whereas increase in temperature decreased SME and bulk density. Feed moisture had positive effect on bulk density only, i.e. it increased with increase in moisture. Increase in screw speed was directly related to SME and expansion ratio. The higher R2 values showed that the model developed for the response variables appeared adequate for predictive purposes.

Potato Cereal Extrudates: Chemical Composition, Functional Properties, in vitro Digestibility and Consumer Acceptability

The objective of the present study was to investigate the functionality of potato flour for development of cereal based snack. The blends of potato flour (10-30%), rice and maize flour were extruded at feed moisture (14%), barrel temperature (150° C) and screw speed (500 rpm). Rice and maize flour (singly and in combination), with potato flour were subjected to thermo mechanical conditions using twin screw extruder in order to elucidate their behaviour in twin screw extruder. Various parameters studied were product quality (expansion ratio, bulk density, color and hardness), functional properties (water absorption index and solubility index), pasting properties, sensory characteristics, bioactive composition (total phenolic content, antioxidant level and total flavonoid content) & in vitro starch and protein digestibility. Pasting properties of blends displayed a final viscosity ranged from 224-1281cP. Addition of potato to rice enhanced pasting characteristics whereas reverse was observed in maize blends. Higher expansion ratio was obtained for rice-potato snacks whereas no significant change was observed in bulk density of snacks. Rice-potato snacks showed higher values of hardness (56.73N) which decreased with increase in potato level. Moreover, incorporation of potato enhanced the in vitro starch digestibility. Overall acceptability of 9 was obtained for rice-potato snacks at 20% potato level.