Gustavo Baptista de Almeida Faro

Parâmetros clínicos e ecocardiográficos associados a baixo índice cronotrópico em pacientes não idosos

BACKGROUND Despite abundant evidence of increased morbidity and mortality, chronotropic incompetence (CI) is not a routine diagnosis well defined in protocols of cardiac evaluation and its clinical importance is still underestimated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with HF in non-elderly patients submitted to stress echocardiography (SE). METHODS One thousand seven hundred ninety-eight patients with a mean age of 48.4 ± 7.5 years, who underwent SE between January/2000 and August/2009 were evaluated. Patients with chronotropic index smaller than 0.8 were considered chronotropic incompetent as compared to competent patients as to clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. RESULTS The duration of the exercise was 9.3 ± 2.4 minutes on average. Two hundred and seventy (15%) patients were chronotropic incompetent. The chronotropic index of this group was 0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1 for competent patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following parameters as independently associated with HF: dyspnea on examination [odds ratio (OR) = 4.27, p <0.0001], previous chest pain on medical history (OR = 1.51; p = 0.0111), higher left ventricular mass rate in incompetent patients (LVMI) (OR = 1.16, p = 0.0001), metabolic equivalents (METs) (OR = 0.70, p = 0 , 0001), ST segment depression (OR = 0.58, p = 0.0003) and high systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP) (OR = 0.87, p = 0.0011). Myocardial ischemia was not associated with HF. CONCLUSION HF is associated with functional parameters, such as dyspnea on exertion, history of chest pain and lower METS. It is also associated with structural benchmark index of left ventricular mass. In addition, chronotropic incompetence does not appear to increase the chance of myocardial ischemia in non-elderly patients.

Left ventricular hypertrophy in children, adolescents and young adults with sickle cell anemia

Objective The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy and to identify variables associated with this condition in under 25-year-old patients with sickle cell anemia. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed of children, adolescents and young adults with sickle cell anemia submitted to a transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. The mass of the left ventricle was determined by the formula of Devereux et al. with correction for height, and the percentile curves of gender and age were applied. Individuals with rheumatic and congenital heart disease were excluded. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of left ventricular hypertrophy and compared according to clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory variables. Results A total of 37.6% of the patients had left ventricular hypertrophy in this sample. There was no difference between the groups of patients with and without hypertrophy according to pathological history or clinical characteristics, except possibly for the use of hydroxyurea, more often used in the group without left ventricular hypertrophy. Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy presented larger left atria and lower hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, reticulocyte index and a higher albumin:creatinine ratio in urine. Conclusion Left ventricular hypertrophy was observed in more than one-third of the young patients with sickle cell anemia with this finding being inversely correlated to the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and reticulocyte index and directly associated to a higher albumin/creatinine ratio. It is possible that hydroxyurea had had a protective effect on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Valor prognóstico da ecocardiografia sob estresse físico em portadores de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo

BACKGROUND The literature lacks studies about the prognostic value of exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) in patients with complete left bundle branch block (LBBB) of the bundle of His. OBJECTIVE To assess the prognostic value of ESE in patients with LBBB. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort that evaluated 135 patients with LBBB, from January 2001 to October 2009, of which 37.8% were men, mean age 63.6 ± 11.5 years submitted to ESE according to Bruce protocol on a treadmill. Cox regression was used, considering these outcomes: death from all causes and from cardiac events, defined as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), percutaneous angioplasty (PA), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and death from cardiac causes. RESULTS Positive ESE was observed in 42 patients (31%). The mean follow-up was 45.8 ± 4.7 months. During this period, there were 9 deaths from all causes and 9 cardiac events (3 deaths from cardiac causes, 3 myocardial infarctions, 2 PA and one CABG). The mortality rate from all causes during five years was 16.1% in the group with positive ESE and 2.5% in the group with negative test (p = 0.171), whereas the rate of cardiac events in the same period was 15.1% for the positive ESE and 1.6% in the group with negative test (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION ESE showed to be a predictor of cardiac events in patients with LBBB.

Alterações retinianas em jovens portadores de anemia falciforme (hemoglobinopatias) em hospital universitário no nordeste do Brasil

PURPOSES To describe and categorize retinal vascular changes in patients with sickle cell anemia, as well as to compare diagnostic methods (indirect ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography). METHODS Patients with sickle cell anemia over the age of seven were examined. Complete ophthalmologic examination with indirect ophthalmoscopy and angiography was performed in each patient. The fundoscopy results were grouped in 3 classes: normal; non-proliferative retinopathy, which includes vascular tortuosity, black sunburst, salmon-patch and peripheral closure/anastomoses; and proliferative retinopathy, related to neovascular proliferation. Angiography results were classified according to Goldberg classifications from stage I to V. RESULTS Retinopathy related to sickle cell anemia was seen in 62.3% (38/61) of the eyes checked. Neovascularization was observed in one eye. The frequency of bilateral changes in angiography was high. Non-proliferative retinopathy was more common, especially vascular tortuosities (17/61), followed by arteriovenous anastomoses in the retinal periphery (15/61) and arterial occlusions (5/61). The mean age of retinopathy group was 14.4 years old, significantly lower than the mean age of non-retinopathy group, which was 17.4. The result was normal in 16.4% (10/61) of the eyes in the fundoscopy exam, while angiography showed alterations. CONCLUSIONS All the results pointed to the conclusion that the non-proliferative retinal vascular changes are frequent and precocious in patients with sickle cell anemia (SS genotype). Fluorescein angiography is more sensitive in the diagnosis of retinopathy when compared to indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Left Atrial Volume Index and Prediction of Events in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Solar Registry

Background According to some international studies, patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and increased left atrial volume index (LAVI) have worse long-term prognosis. However, national Brazilian studies confirming this prediction are still lacking. Objective To evaluate LAVI as a predictor of major cardiovascular events (MCE) in patients with ACS during a 365-day follow-up. Methods Prospective cohort of 171 patients diagnosed with ACS whose LAVI was calculated within 48 hours after hospital admission. According to LAVI, two groups were categorized: normal LAVI (≤ 32 mL/m2) and increased LAVI (> 32 mL/m2). Both groups were compared regarding clinical and echocardiographic characteristics, in- and out-of-hospital outcomes, and occurrence of ECM in up to 365 days. Results Increased LAVI was observed in 78 patients (45%), and was associated with older age, higher body mass index, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction and previous angioplasty, and lower creatinine clearance and ejection fraction. During hospitalization, acute pulmonary edema was more frequent in patients with increased LAVI (14.1% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.024). After discharge, the occurrence of combined outcome for MCE was higher (p = 0.001) in the group with increased LAVI (26%) as compared to the normal LAVI group (7%) [RR (95% CI) = 3.46 (1.54-7.73) vs. 0.80 (0.69-0.92)]. After Cox regression, increased LAVI increased the probability of MCE (HR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.28-7.40, p = 0.012). Conclusion Increased LAVI is an important predictor of MCE in a one-year follow-up.

Level of Physical Activity and In-Hospital Course of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the modern world. A sedentary lifestyle, present in 85% of the Brazilian population, is considered a risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease. However, the correlation of a sedentary lifestyle with cardiovascular events (CVE) during hospitalization for ACS is not well established. Objective To evaluate the association between physical activity level, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with in-hospital prognosis in patients with ACS. Methods Observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study with 215 subjects with a diagnosis of ACS consecutively admitted to a referral hospital for cardiac patients between July 2009 and February 2011. All volunteers answered the short version of the IPAQ and were observed for the occurrence of CVE during hospitalization with a standardized assessment conducted by the researcher and corroborated by data from medical records. Results The patients were admitted with diagnoses of unstable angina (34.4%), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without ST elevation (41.4%), and AMI with ST elevation (24.2%). According to the level of physical activity, the patients were classified as non-active (56.3%) and active (43.7%). A CVE occurred in 35.3% of the cohort. The occurrence of in-hospital complications was associated with the length of hospital stay (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15) and physical inactivity (OR = 2.54), and was independent of age, systolic blood pressure, and prior congestive heart failure. Conclusion A physically active lifestyle reduces the risk of CVE during hospitalization in patients with ACS.

Antibody responses to Hepatitis B and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines in children who received chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Objective To evaluate viral vaccine antibody levels in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after chemotherapy and after vaccine booster doses. Methods Antibody levels against hepatitis B, rubella, measles and mumps vaccine antigens were evaluated in 33 children after completing chemotherapy (before and after vaccine booster doses) and the results were compared to the data of 33 healthy children matched for gender, age and social class. Results After chemotherapy, 75.9%, 67.9%, 59.3% and 51.7% of the patients showed low antibody titers that would be unlikely to protect against exposure to measles, rubella, hepatitis B and mumps, respectively. After receiving a vaccine booster dose for these antigens the patients had high antibody levels consistent with potential protection against measles, mumps and hepatitis B, but not against rubella. Conclusion Extra doses of measles-mumps-rubella plus hepatitis B vaccines are recommended in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients submitted to treatment after hematologic recovery. After this, viral vaccine antibody levels should be verified to define the individuals protective status.