Gustavo Pereira Duda

Growth and yield of forage sorghum cv. BR 601 under green manure

The effect of green manure on growth and yield of forage sorghum BR 601 was studied in a trial carried out at the UFERSA, Mossoro, RN, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks in a scheme of split plots in time, with three replications. Treatments tested were seven legume species, Mucuna aterrima, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lab-lab, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, and Vigna unguiculata, a mixture of the legumes plus corn, sorghum and sunflower, and spontaneous vegetation as a control. For each treatment the amount of fresh mass, dry mass and contents of N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg in shoots were determined, from which the amount of nutrients accumulated per hectare was calculated. Fresh mass of shoot, dry mass of shoot, plant height and number of leaves of sorghum, sowed after incorporation of green manures, were evaluated at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after seeding. Mucuna aterrima was the best option as a green manure because of its better performance in all characteristics evaluated at the end of sorghum cycle. Also recommended are Crotalaria juncea, and Dolichos lab-lab which had the higher dry mass and amount of nutrients in shoots.

Agroforestry systems, nutrients in litter and microbial activity in soils cultivated with coffee at high altitude

Agroforestry systems are an alternative option for sustainable production management. These systems contain trees that absorb nutrients from deeper layers of the soil and leaf litter that help improve the soil quality of the rough terrain in high altitude areas, which are areas extremely susceptible to environmental degradation. The aim of this study was to characterize the stock and nutrients in litter, soil activity and the population of microorganisms in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations under high altitude agroforestry systems in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Samples were collected from the surface litter together with soil samples taken at two depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm) from areas each subject to one of the following four treatments: agroforestry system (AS), native forest (NF), biodynamic system (BS) and coffee control (CT).The coffee plantation had been abandoned for nearly 15 years and, although there had been no management or harvesting, still contained productive coffee plants. The accumulation of litter and mean nutrient content of the litter, the soil nutrient content, microbial biomass carbon, total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, basal respiration, microbial quotient, metabolic quotient and microbial populations (total bacteria, fluorescent bacteria group, total fungi and Trichoderma spp.) were all analyzed. The systems thatwere exposed to human intervention (A and BS) differed in their chemical attributes and contained higher levels of nutrients when compared to NF and CT. BS for coffee production at high altitude can be used as a sustainable alternative in the high altitude zones of the semi-arid region in Brazil, which is an area that is highly susceptible to environmental degradation.

Frações de carbono orgânico de um latossolo húmico sob diferentes usos no agreste brasileiro

The conversion of natural vegetation to cultivated land often results in changes in the quantity and quality of soil organic matter. The magnitude of these alterations varies according to the soil properties, climate, crops and soil management. Soil organic C is not always a sensitive indicator of soil changes. The distribution of C fractions is therefore being used to assess the soil organic matter quality more precisely. This study evaluated the changes in organic C fractions of a Humic Oxisol under different uses. Soil samples were collected from five different environments (native forest, scrub exposed to sporadic fires, a 30 year pasture, 25 year pasture and annual crops) in four layers (0.0-2.5; 2.5-5.0, 5.0-7.5, and 7.5-10.0 cm). In the 25 year-old pasture and annual crops the contents of soil organic C were reduced, especially in the surface layer 0.0-2.5 cm. In these areas, the biomass microbial C and water soluble C proved to be more sensitive to management changes. In the 30 year-old pasture, the contents of fulvic acids, humic acids and humina were higher than in the area under pasture for 25 years, in all layers.

Acúmulo de metais pesados e alterações químicas em Cambissolo cultivado com meloeiro

Soil cultivation using agrochemicals may increase the concentration of availability of heavy metals to plant and cause contamination of the trophic chain as well. This work was carried out to evaluate the influence of length of time under cultivation with melon (Cucumis melo L.) on the heavy metals accumulation and chemical alterations in Ultisol. Melon plantations of one, two and three years were studied. A benchmark area under natural vegetation was used to compare the data obtained. The results showed that the lengthiest time under cultivation altered the chemical characteristics of the soil. An increase in pH and contents of N, P and K was observed for the two soil layers evaluated. On the other hand, Ca contents were decreased by cultivation. The larger the cultivation time the higher the concentration of N, Pb, Cu, and Mn in the soil surface layer, whereas the Fe and Zn concentrations were diminished in both analyzed soil layers, though available concentrations are still regarded as low in soil.

FAMES E ATIVIDADES MICROBIANAS ENVOLVIDAS NA SUPRESSÃO DA PODRIDÃO RADICULAR DA MANDIOCA POR MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA

The incorporation of organic matter has been used to manage of diseases caused by soilborne pathogen, but there is a gap in the use of coffee residues on disease supressiveness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic matter sources against cassava root rot caused by F. solani CFF109. Fertilization with coffee residue (CR), cattle manure (CM), earthworm excrements (EE) and goat manure (GM) resulted in suppression of cassava root rot. The treatments of CR and CM presented higher reduction in the cassava disease severity. There were changes in the soil microbial community structure by organic matter incorporation, mainly in total fungi and Gram-negative bacteria populations. The total organic carbon and magnesium are negatively associated with disease severity. The microbial quotient, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were positively and the biomarker a-15:0 was negatively associated with disease severity. This study indicated that agro-industrial residues can be recycled for providing organic matter and nutrients with effect for management of plant diseases by suppressing soilborne pathogens. This is the first evidence that the industrial residue of coffee can be use in the management of cassava root rot, caused by F. solani.

Land use changes the soil carbon stocks, microbial biomass and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in Brazilian semiarid area

ABSTRACT Land use affect soil C and microbial structure, especially in tropical dry areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the land use on physical, chemical, and microbiological attributes of soils from Brazilian semiarid. We analyzed soil physical, chemical, total carbon stocks (TCS), water-soluble carbon (WSC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial structure of soil from forest, no irrigation maize, succession areas (Anadenanthera falcate and Tabebuia alba) and secondary shrubby vegetation. The use of soil influences C stock. The forest soil showed higher TCS and MBC. The conversion in T. alba reduced in 9% soil total bacteria. The multivariate analysis showed that TCS, MBC and FAMEs contributed to separation of natural forest and other areas in the superficial layer. This study indicates that the conversion of forest into successional areas can decrease by up to 44% TCS and 68% MBC. The present study provided alarming data concerning the impact of land use on quality of soil in a tropical dry region in Northeastern Brazil. Our results provide an alternative tool for the management of deforested dry areas that could serve as guideline for management plan to sustainability for agricultural impacted dry areas.

Indicadores biológicos de dois solos com a incorporação de subproduto da agroindústria de café

The addition of organic residue byproducts in the soil may lead to changes in the dynamics of soil organic matter, influencing the activity and the use of C by microorganisms in the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the application of increasing rates of a byproduct from a coffee agroindustry on the biological properties of two soils with different clay contents as a function of incubation time. A randomized block experimental design was used in a 2 × 8 factorial arrangement of two solos and eight sources of coffee byproduct, with five replicates. Subsamples were collected from the soil at 30, 60, 90, and 125 days after incorporation of the byproduct in the soil. On these days, microbial biomass carbon (C-MBC), microbial basal respiration (MBR), and total organic carbon (TOC) were evaluated. Application of the coffee byproduct led to increases in the values of C-MBC, MBR and TOC in the two soils. The greatest microbial activity occurred at 30 days, with greater release of C-CO2, and the TOC was higher in the clayey soil because it provides greater protection of organic compounds from decomposition by microorganisms.