Gustavo Ricardo Schütz

Incidência de lesões em velejadores brasileiros de diferentes níveis técnicos

The first step to reduce the incidence of injuries in athletes is to assess the characteristics of occurrence, providing background for the structure and application of prevention programs. This study had the aim to investigate the incidence of injuries in sailing athletes of different technical levels. The sample was composed of 172 sailors, divided in three groups: 89 beginners, participants in the Optimist qualifying of the World Championship (group 1); 29 juvenile sailors, participants in the Youth Sailing Cup (group 2) and 54 national elite sailors, participants in the Pre-Olympic Sailing Week (group 3). The data collection instrument was a mixed questionnaire and the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Five athletes from group 1 (5.6%); five athletes from group 2 (17.2%) and 15 athletes from group 3 (27.8%) reported some kind of injury related with the modality. Higher incidence of injury was observed in the back and knee and the most reported diagnostic was muscular injury, followed by cuts, sprains and tendinitis. The incidence in sailing is low if compared with other sport modalities, despite the high physical demand required during the actions on the boat. It was verified that the professional athletes, who had higher age mean and time of practice, suffered the most injuries. On the other hand, the lowest incidence was among children and adolescents. Therefore, it is important that prevention programs start from the first years of practice in order to reduce the risk to future outbreaks, especially of chronic nature. Based on this information concerning kinds of injury, we suggest inclusion of exercises specific to musculature conditioning and compensation in the training programs, as well as stretching and relaxation sessions.

Reduction mammoplasty improves body posture and decreases the perception of pain

Women with hypertrophic breasts often experience body pain and posture problems, which tend to be reduced or even eliminated after reduction mammoplasty. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of reduction mammoplasty on anthropometric variables, body posture and pain in women with breast hypertrophy. Eleven women (mean [± SD] age 31.3±10.4 years) participated in the present study. Anthropometric variables, body posture and pain perception were evaluated pretest, and 60 (post60) and 90 (post90) days after reduction mammoplasty. Commercially available posture analysis software was used to analyze the following variables: acromial horizontal alignment (AHA), angle between acromial and anterior superior iliac spines (A-AAIS), vertical alignment of right (R) and left (L) trunk (VAT), vertical alignment of R and L body (VAB) and horizontal alignment of R and L pelvis (HAP). Descriptive statistics and ANOVA for repeated measures were used, and effect sizes (ES) were measured; the level of significance was set at P<0.05. There were no significant differences in anthropometric variables among the assessments. Only HAP-R showed a significant decrease; however, when analyzed, ES, VAT- L and HAP- L in post60, and VAT-R, VAT-L, HAP-R, HAP-L and VAB-L in post90 showed large ES after mammoplasty (ES>0.70). There were significant reductions in pain at post60 and post90 in the neck, cervical spine, back, shoulder and arm (P<0.05). Following mammoplasty, an improvement in body posture, primarily in the alignment of shoulders, trunk and pelvis, and a decrease in pain in the upper limbs and spine, were observed.

Análise da frequência e do comprimento de braçada em provas de 50, 100 e 200m costas na natação

Introduction: This study aimed to analyze and compare the stroke efficiency indicators: average velocity (Av), stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) on 50m, 100m and 200m backstroke events. Materials and Methods: Fourteen swimmers (seven men and seven women) were intentionally selected, mean age 20±4 years old among the 16 finalists of the 50m, 100m and 200m backstroke in XXXVI Brazilian Absolute Swimming Championship José Finkel Trophy 2007, held in the Greater Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. The variables were described by average, standard deviation and coefficient of variation, as all different distances were compared trough ANOVA oneway (Tukey Post-Hoc) and correlated through Pearson correlation test (p<0.05). Results: The results are in accordance to the literature: the smaller distances have a higher SR and a lesser SL with a higher Av. The values are reversed for larger distances, where it has a lesser SR and a higher SL, but Av decreases. Discussion: For coaches and swimmers, it is suggested to develop the technical aspects for a better combination of SR and SL, aiming at an ideal balance to maintain higher speed independently on the distance.

Hand force symmetry during breaststroke swimming

Hand force symmetry during breaststroke swimming The aim of this study was to analyze the hand force symmetry during the breaststroke and its relationship with swimmers’ performance. Seventeen breaststroke and/or medley specialists participated (12 men and 5 women, 19.5 ± 5.2 years and average performance of 73.4 ± 7% of the 50 m breaststroke world record). Each swimmer performed three repetitions of 25 m breaststroke swimming at maximal speed. Pressure sensors from Aquanex acquisition system were placed in both swimmers’ hands and Mean Force (Fmean) and Maximal Force (Fmax) were measured. The symmetry index proposed by Sanders was calculated and the time of a 50-m breaststroke trial at maximum speed (T50m) was used as a performance indicator. The variables were compared between hands using tests for dependent samples, and the relationship between variables were investigated using Spearman correlation test. The Fmean applied was 47.9 ± 16.7 N and 47.9 ± 14.5 N for right and left hands, respectively. The Fmean corresponded to 120.7 ± 43.6 N e 112.8 ± 35.7 N for right and left hand, respectively. No signifi cant differences were observed for none of the variables between right and left hands. Analyzing the subjects individually, it was possible to observe asymmetries levels up to 30.6% for Fmean and 35.9% for Fmax, however the relationship between symmetry indexes and the 50 m breaststroke performance was not statistically signifi cant.

Método dinamométrico para avaliação da escora em barcos tipo Catamaran

This study aimed to propose and to validate a method for the measurement of hiking distance (Hd) and hiking moment (Hm) in Catamaran boats, through the use of force plates. This new method proposes the measurement by dynamometry, with the positioning of a force plate below each boat hoof to measure the Ground Reaction Forces (GRF). Based on the classic static equations Hd and Hm were determined. In order to validate the method a validation of competing was carried out through the comparison with kinematic values measured through the Peak Motus system. Intraclass correlation coeficient was used. Different positions in two different inclinations of the boat, simulating the boat heeling, had been analyzed. The results showed a high correlation (ICC > 0.99) and a small average error (1.00% for Hd and 0.96% for Hm) between the methods. Thus, the new method seems to be valid and efficient since it measured the variables in a fast and precise way, facilitating the analysis and assisting sailors and coaches on decision taking

Determinação do número adequado de repetições para a avaliação da virada no nado livre

The aim of this study was to develop a procedure of data collection on freestyle swimming turn (number of repetition). Eleven swimmers executed 8 turns each one. The measured variables were Normalized Peak Force (PFn), Contact Time (TC), Impulse (Imp) and Turn Time in 10 meters (TV10m). The visual stability as for the number of executions was checked through the calculation of the accumulate coefficient of variation that presents small variations curves. No significant differences were found between the accumulate averages using ANOVA between the different groupings and also for the confirmation of the least number of repetitions, it chose in confronting the data, through the Mann-Whitney U test carried out between the variables. Was found that three valid executions are enough to evaluate the performance in front freestyle turn.O estudo propoe um procedimento para coletas de dados da virada no nado livre (numero de execucoes). Onze nadadores executaram 8 viradas cada um. Analisou-se as variaveis Pico de Forca normalizado (PFn), Tempo de Contato (TC), Impulso (Imp) e Tempo de Virada em 10 metros (TV10m). A estabilidade visual quanto ao numero de execucoes foi verificada pelo calculo do coeficiente de variacao acumulado que apresentou curvas com variacoes discretas. Foi verificado se ocorria diferenca entre as medias acumuladas usando a analise de variância (ANOVA) entre os diferentes agrupamentos. Nao houve diferencas significativas. Para confirmar o numero minimo de repeticoes, confrontou-se os dados pelo teste de U de Mann-Whitney. Nao houve diferencas significativas. Observou-se que tres execucoes validas sao o suficiente para avaliar o desempenho na virada.

Determinación del número adecuado de repeticiones para la evaluación del volteo en el nado libre

The aim of this study was to develop a procedure of data collection on freestyle swimming turn (number of repetition). Eleven swimmers executed 8 turns each one. The measured variables were Normalized Peak Force (PFn), Contact Time (TC), Impulse (Imp) and Turn Time in 10 meters (TV10m). The visual stability as for the number of executions was checked through the calculation of the accumulate coefficient of variation that presents small variations curves. No significant differences were found between the accumulate averages using ANOVA between the different groupings and also for the confirmation of the least number of repetitions, it chose in confronting the data, through the Mann-Whitney U test carried out between the variables. Was found that three valid executions are enough to evaluate the performance in front freestyle turn.O estudo propoe um procedimento para coletas de dados da virada no nado livre (numero de execucoes). Onze nadadores executaram 8 viradas cada um. Analisou-se as variaveis Pico de Forca normalizado (PFn), Tempo de Contato (TC), Impulso (Imp) e Tempo de Virada em 10 metros (TV10m). A estabilidade visual quanto ao numero de execucoes foi verificada pelo calculo do coeficiente de variacao acumulado que apresentou curvas com variacoes discretas. Foi verificado se ocorria diferenca entre as medias acumuladas usando a analise de variância (ANOVA) entre os diferentes agrupamentos. Nao houve diferencas significativas. Para confirmar o numero minimo de repeticoes, confrontou-se os dados pelo teste de U de Mann-Whitney. Nao houve diferencas significativas. Observou-se que tres execucoes validas sao o suficiente para avaliar o desempenho na virada.

Determination of appropriete number of repetition to evaluate the freestyle swimming turn

The aim of this study was to develop a procedure of data collection on freestyle swimming turn (number of repetition). Eleven swimmers executed 8 turns each one. The measured variables were Normalized Peak Force (PFn), Contact Time (TC), Impulse (Imp) and Turn Time in 10 meters (TV10m). The visual stability as for the number of executions was checked through the calculation of the accumulate coefficient of variation that presents small variations curves. No significant differences were found between the accumulate averages using ANOVA between the different groupings and also for the confirmation of the least number of repetitions, it chose in confronting the data, through the Mann-Whitney U test carried out between the variables. Was found that three valid executions are enough to evaluate the performance in front freestyle turn.O estudo propoe um procedimento para coletas de dados da virada no nado livre (numero de execucoes). Onze nadadores executaram 8 viradas cada um. Analisou-se as variaveis Pico de Forca normalizado (PFn), Tempo de Contato (TC), Impulso (Imp) e Tempo de Virada em 10 metros (TV10m). A estabilidade visual quanto ao numero de execucoes foi verificada pelo calculo do coeficiente de variacao acumulado que apresentou curvas com variacoes discretas. Foi verificado se ocorria diferenca entre as medias acumuladas usando a analise de variância (ANOVA) entre os diferentes agrupamentos. Nao houve diferencas significativas. Para confirmar o numero minimo de repeticoes, confrontou-se os dados pelo teste de U de Mann-Whitney. Nao houve diferencas significativas. Observou-se que tres execucoes validas sao o suficiente para avaliar o desempenho na virada.